SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Rondang R. Soegianto
2009
1
The mechanism of message transfer
by hormones or neurotransmitters
can be classified as

a. Endocrine

b. Paracrine

c. Autocrine

2
3
4
5
Signal tansduction is initiated when
hormone binds to receptor.

Location of receptor:

I. On plasma membrane

II. Intracellular

6
I Hormones that bind to
Plasma Membrane Receptors

a. Polypeptides
- Insulin
- Glucagon

b. Catecholamines
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrin

7
Message of hormone is transmitted by
receptor for the formation of a second
messenger by a membrane protein.
Subsequently, second messenger interacts
with intracellular enzymes and other proteins.

The hormone acts as first messenger and this

mechanism is known as Signal Transduction.

8
Basic Types of Signal Transduction

a. Receptor that is coupled to adenylate cyclase

The 2nd messenger produced is cyclic AMP

Ex. : Glucagon, Epinephrine

9
b. Receptor kinase activity
Ex.: Insulin

After insulin binding, receptor undergoes

autophosphorylation.
The phosphorylated receptor is now
activated to phosphorylate other cellular
proteins (enzymes and non enzymes)
to enhance further action

10
c. Receptor that is coupled to the hydrolysis
of phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2),
a membrane phospholipid.
Second messenger produced are:
Diacylglycerol for protein phosphorylation
and Inositol triphsphate for increasing
intracellular Ca ions.

11
Some hormones and neurotransmitters act

via receptors that are coipled to gated ion

channels, Ex.: Muscarinic acetylcholine

12
13
14
Signal Transduction thru G Proteins

G proteins consist of 3 subunits (, , )

Some hormones, such as glucagon and

epinephrine, pass the message from
receptor via G proteins to other membrane
protein that produces second messenger.

15
Two types of acetylcholine ;

a. Nicotinic acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter

in synapses.

b. Muscarinic acetylcholine is coupled to G

proteins and transfer its signal to
adenilyl cyclase or to control K+ channel.

16
17
18
19
II Intracellular Receptors

First messenger has to be lipophylic

- Steroid hormones

- Thyroid hormones

20
21