Plant Reproduction

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Plants that protect their seeds within the body
of a fruit.
Make up s of all plants, including:
Trees, shrubs, herbs,
grasses, water plants
Structure of a Flower
1. Pistil
2. Stigma
3. Style
4. Ovary
5. Stamen
6. Filament
7. Anther
8. Petal
9. Sepal
10. Receptacle
11. Stem
Male Reproductive Structure
The stamen consists of
two parts: Anther and
Filament
The anther is where
meiosis occurs to
produce haploid pollen
The filament is a stalk
that supports the
anther
Female Reproductive Structure
The pistil consists of
the stigma, style and
ovary
The sticky stigma
receives the pollen
from the anther
The pollen grows a
tube down through the
style
Meiosis occurs in the
ovary to produce
haploid ovules
 Reproductive Structures
Petals: colourful Sepals: surround and
structures that attract protect the flower bud.
pollinators.
Pollination
Wind, insects or other
animals transfer pollen
from the anther of one
flower to the stigma of
another
Flowers vary
depending on
pollination mechanism
Pollination Animation
Pollination Vectors
Wind Pollination: Dull, scentless
flowers with reduced petals
Bees/Butterfly Pollination: Bright
color, nectaries, scent.
They sip nectar, get pollen on coats,
transfer pollen from flower to flower
Bird Pollination: Nectaries, bright
colors, tube-like flowers
Moth Pollination: White petals,
open at night
Fly Pollination:Rank odor, flesh
colored petals
 Pollen Grain Anther Sac

Pollen grains contain two haploid cells produced through meiosis.

1- The Tube cell will grow the pollen tube.
2- The Generative cell will go through mitosis to create
two sperm cells.
 Ovary
Each ovule within an ovary has a micropyle (an opening for the
pollen tube).
The ovules megasporangium undergo meiosis to produce four
haploid cells (3 die leaving 1 megaspore)
The megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 haploid
cells within the embryo sac.
 Fertilization
After pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen
tube grows down through the style to ovary
Generative cell creates the two sperm nuclei
Double fertilization occurs:
one sperm fertilizes the egg
one sperm the two polar nuclei together
 Result of Double Fertilization
The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join to
form a 2n (diploid) embryo

The other sperm nucleus and the two polar

nuclei join to form a 3n (triploid)
endosperm. The endosperm is the food
supply for the embryo.
First link
Seed and Fruit Development
After fertilization,
the petals and
sepals fall off
flower
Ovary ripens
into a fruit
The ovule
develops into a
seed
 Seed Dispersal Mechanisms-
Allow plants to colonize new areas and avoid
shade of parent plant
Wind Dispersal - Flight mechanisms,
like parachutes, wings, etc.
Ex. Dandelion, maples, birch

Animal Dispersal - Fleshy fruits which

animals eat, drop undigested seeds in
feces or burrs which stick to
animals coats
Gravity Dispersal -
Heavy nuts fall to
ground and roll
ex. acorns

Water Dispersal - Plants

near water create floating
fruits
ex. coconuts