Chapter 13

(Part 3)
Non-Mendelian
Genetics

Honors
Genetics
Ms. Gaynor
 Extending Mendelian
Genetics for a Single Gene
The inheritance of
characters by a single gene
May deviate (do NOT
follow) from simple
Mendelian patterns
Examples
Incomplete dominance,
codominance, multiple
alleles, pleiotropy
 The Spectrum of
Dominance

Complete dominance
Occurs when the
phenotypes of the
heterozygote (Hh) and
dominant homozygote
(HH) are identical
Demonstrates or follows
Mendelian Genetics
inheritance pattern
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete (intermediate)
Dominance
1 allele is not completely dominant
over the other, so heterozygote (Hh)
has intermediate (or mixed)
phenotype between 2 alleles

(like snapdragon flowers)

 P Generation
White
CWCW
Red
CRCR

Gametes CR CW

Pink
CRCW
F1 Generation

1
2 1
2
Gametes CR CR

1 1 Sperm
2 CR 2 CR
Eggs

F2 Generation
1
2 CR
CR CR CR CW

1
2 Cw
Figure 14.10 CR CW CW CW
 Lets do some practice
problems
Assume incomplete dominance
A red gummy bear mates with a yellow gummy
bear. Red (R) is dominant. What are the
genotype/phenotype ratios of their F1
offspring?
100% Rr 100% orange
If 2 F1 gummy bears from the question above
mate. What are the genotype/phenotype ratios
of their F2 offspring?
25% RR 50% Rr 25% rr
25% Red 50% orange 25% yellow
 Non-Mendelian Genetics

Codominance
2 dominant alleles affect
phenotype in separate,
distinguishable ways
BOTH phenotypes are
present
Exs of codominance
Some flowers and Roan animals
(cattle & horses)
Roan Animals Show
Codominance
 Lets do some practice
problems
Assume codominance
A blue flower mates with a yellow flower. Blue
(B) is dominant. What are the
genotype/phenotype ratios of their F1
offspring?
BB= blue Bb= blue & yellow bb= yellow
100% Bb 100% Blue AND yellow flowers
If 2 F1 flowers from the question above mate.
What are the genotype/phenotype ratios of
their F2 offspring?
25% BB 50% Bb 25% bb
25% Blue 50% blue AND yellow 25% yellow
 Multiple Alleles
A type of codominance
Most genes exist in
populations
In more than two allelic
forms that influence
genes phenotype
Ex: Human Blood type
The ABO
blood group
in humans
Is determined
by multiple
alleles
Multiple Alleles
(Codominance)

Blood Genotypes
Type
A IAIA, or
I Ai
B IBIB, or
I Bi
AB I AI B

O ii
 Blood Type Practice
A woman with Type O blood and a man, who is Type
AB, are expecting a child. What are the possible
blood types of their child?
ii x IAIB
50% chance IAi (A type); 50% chance IBi (B type)

What are the possible blood types of a child who's

parents are both heterozygous for "B" blood
type?
IBi X IBi
50% chance IBi, 25% chance IBIB, 25% chance ii
75% chance of B type and 25% chance of O type
 More Blood Type
Practice
What are the chances of a woman with Type AB and a man with
Type A having a child with Type O?
IA? x IAIB
0% chance of Type O b/c mom cant donate i allele

Jill is blood Type O. She has two older brothers with blood types
& B. What are the genotypes of her parents?
IAi and IBi

Jerry Springer did a test to determine the biological father of child

The child's blood Type is A and the mother's is B. Daddy Drama
#1 has a blood type of O & Daddy Drama #2 has blood type
AB. Which man is the biological father?
Dad #1 = ii and Dad #2= IAIB
It has to be Daddy #2
 Polygenic
Inheritance
Many genes (2+) determine one
(1) phenotype
Many human traits

Vary in the population along a

continuum
Few genes actually follow a simple
Mendelian inheritance pattern
Examples:
Height,eye color, intelligence, body build
and skin color
 Polygenic Inheritance

AaBbCc AaBbCc

aabbcc Aabbcc AaBbcc AaBbCc AABbCc AABBCc AABBCC

20
64

15
64

6
64

1
64
 Nature and Nurture:
The Environmental Impact on
Phenotype
Departs from simple Mendelian genetics
phenotype depends on environment
as well as on genotype
Called multifactorial inheritance

Ex: human fingerprints

hydrangea flowers

Add P to
Al in soil; need soil; need
LOW pH HIGHERpH
Chapter 11
(Part 4)
Human Genetics
Honors Genetics
Ms. Gaynor
 Many human traits follow
Mendelian patterns of
inheritance
Humans are not
convenient subjects for
genetic research
However, the study of
human genetics
continues to advance
We use pedigrees!
 Pedigree Analysis

A pedigree
Is a family tree that
describes the
interrelationships of
parents and children
across generations
 Inheritance patterns of particular traits
can be traced and described using
pedigrees

First generation
Ww ww ww Ww (grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff

Second generation
(parents plus aunts
Ww ww ww Ww Ww ww
and uncles) FF or Ff Ff ff Ff Ff ff

Third
generation ff
WW ww FF
(two sisters)
or or
Ww Ff

Widows peak No Widows peak Attached earlobe Free earlobe

Figure 14.14 A, B

(a) Dominant trait (widows peak) (b) Recessive trait (attached earlobe)
 Pedigrees

Canalso be used to
make predictions
about future offspring
 Recessively Inherited
Disorders
Many genetic disorders are
inherited in recessive manner
Show up only in individuals
homozygous for the alleles
Carriers

Are heterozygous
individuals, who carry
recessive allele but are show
normal phenotype
 Cystic Fibrosis
Example of recessive
disorder
Affect mostly people of
European descent
Symptoms

Mucus buildup in the

some internal organs
Abnormal absorption
of nutrients in the
small intestine
 Sickle-Cell Disease
Another recessive disorder
Affects one out of 400
African-Americans
Is caused by the
substitution of a single
amino acid in the
hemoglobin protein in
red blood cells
Symptoms
Physical weakness, pain,
organ damage, and even
paralysis
 Dominantly Inherited
Disorders
Some human disorders
Are due to dominant
alleles
Example is
achondroplasia
Form of dwarfism
lethal when
homozygous for the
dominant allele
 Another Dominant
Disorder
Huntingtons disease (HD)
degenerative disease of nervous
system
No obvious phenotypic effects until
about 35 to 40 years of age

HD

Normal
 Down Syndrome
Down syndrome
Is usually the
result of an
extra
chromosome
21
trisomy 21
Genetic Testing and
Counseling
Genetic counselors
Can provide
information to
prospective parents
concerned about a
family history for a
specific disease
 Tests for
Identifying Carriers
For a growing number of
diseases
Tests are available that
identify carriers and
help define the odds
more accurately
Examples

Tay Sachs & CF

 Fetal Testing
In amniocentesis
The liquid that bathes
fetus is removed & tested
In chorionic villus
sampling (CVS)
A sample of the placenta
is removed and tested
Can make karyotypes, too!
 Newborn Screening
Some genetic disorders can
be detected at birth
Simple tests are now
routinely performed in
most hospitals in the
United States
Example- PKU test
 Chapter 13
(PART 5)
The Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
Introduction to Sex Linkage
Honors Genetics
Ms. Gaynor
 Gene Linkage
Linked genes
Usually inherited together
because located near each other
on the SAME chromosome
Genes closer together on the same chromosome
are more often inherited together

Each chromosome
Has 100s or 1000s of genes
Sex-linked genes exhibit unique
patterns of inheritance; genes on
the X or Y chromosome
 Morgans Experimental
Evidence
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Provided convincing
evidence that
chromosomes are
the location of
Mendels heritable
alleles
 Sex linkage
explained
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lewis/index.html

Thomas Hunt Morgan

(Columbia University 1910)
Fruit Flies (Drosophila)
melanogaster)

2007 Paul Billiet ODWS

 Morgans Choice of
Experimental Organism
Morgan worked with
fruit flies
Lots of offspring

A new generation
can be bred every
two weeks
They have only 5
pairs of
chromosomes
 Morgan and Fruit Flies
Morgan first observed and noted
Wild type (most common)
phenotypes that were common in
the fly populations
Traits alternative to the wild type are
called mutant phenotypes

w+ w
WILDTYPE MUTANT
 The case of the white-
eyed mutant
Character Traits
Eye color Red eye (wild
type)
White eye
(mutant)
P Phenotypes
Wild type (red-eyed) female x White-eyed male

F1 Phenotypes All red-eyed

Red eye is dominant to white eye

 Hypothesis
A cross between the F1 flies
should give us: 3 red eye : 1
white eye

F2 Phenotypes Red eye White eye

Numbers 3470 782

82% 18%

So far so good
 An interesting
observation
The F2 generation showed the 3:1
red: white eye ratio, but only
males had white eyes
Phenotypes Red- Red- White- White-
eyed eyed eyed eyed
males females males females
F2

Numbers 1011 2459 782 0

24% 58% 18% 0%

 A reciprocal cross
Morgan tried the cross the other way
round
white-eyed female x red-eyed
male
Result
All red-eyed females and all white-
eyed males
This confirmed what Morgan
suspected
The gene for eye color is linked to the
 Morgans Discovery:
Sex Linked Traits

Eye color is linked on X

Chromosome
Females carry 2 copies of gene;
males have only 1 copy
If mutant allele is recessive,
white eyed female has the trait
on both Xs
White eyed male can not hide
the trait since he has only one X.
The Chromosomal Basis
of Sex

An organisms sex
Isan inherited phenotype
determined by the
presence or absence of
certain chromosomes
XX = girl

XY = boy
 Inheritance of Sex-
Linked Genes
The sex chromosomes
Have genes for many
characters unrelated to sex
(especially the X
chromosome)
A gene located on either sex
chromosome
Is called a sex-linked gene
(Usually on X chromosome)
 What genes are on the X
chromosome?
carries a couple
thousand genes but
few, if any, of these
have anything to do
directly with sex
determination
Larger and more
active than Y
chromosome
 What genes are on the Y
chromosome?
Gene called SRY
triggers testis
development, which
determines male sex
characteristics
This gene is turned on
~6 weeks into the
development of a male
embryo
Y-Chromosome-linked
diseases are rare
 Sex-linked genes follow
specific patterns of inheritance
Fathers pass sex-linked alleles
to ALL their daughters but NONE
to their sons
XY (Father) XX (daughter)
XY (Father) XY (son)
Mothers can pass sex-linked
alleles to BOTH sons and
daughters
XX (Mother) XX (daughter)
XX (Mother) XY (son)
 Sex Linkage
If sex-linked recessive on Xn
Females have to be Xn Xn to show
sex-linked trait
Xn X Females do NOT show sex-
linked trait
Males have to be Xn Y to show sex-
linked trait
**Most sex-linked disorders affect
males; sometimes females
 Sex-Linked
Disorders
Some recessive alleles found
on the X chromosome in
humans cause certain types of
disorders
Color blindness

Duchenne muscular
dystrophy
Hemophilia

Male pattern baldness

 X-Linked Trait =
Male Pattern Baldness

Baldness
 Another X-Linked Trait =
Hemophilia
About 85% of
hemophiliacs suffer from
classic hemophilia
1 male in 10 000
cannot produce factor VIII
The rest show Christmas
disease where they cant
make factor IX
The genes for both forms
of hemophilia are sex
linked
Hemophiliacs have trouble
clotting their blood
 Another X-Linked Trait =
Red-Green Colorblindness

Normal vision Color blind simulation

http://www.onset.unsw.edu.au/issue1/colourblindness/colourblindness_print.htm
 Another X-Linked Trait =
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy