Describes sampling procedure and the

sample
 Is the process of getting information from a
proper subset of population
Formal process of choosing the correct
subgroup called SAMPLE from a population
to participate in a research study.
 Detailed outline of which measurements will
be taken at what times, on which material ,
in what manner and by whom that support
the purpose of an analysis .
1. From where within the target population
should we collect samples ?
2. What type of samples should we collect?
3. What is the minimum amount of sample for
each analysis
4. How many samples should we analyze?
5. How can we minimize the overall variance
for the analysis
 For example :if you know that the underlying
population is normally distributed?
n= 4S2/e2 for ERROR tolerance of 5%
n= 9S2/e2 for ERROR tolerance of 1%
 SLOVINs FORMULA-
In the event of LACK of Knowledge about the
behavior of the population
Margin of error is the allowable error in
research
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL of 95% gives a
margin of error of 5%
99% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL gives 1%
margin error
n= N/ 1+ Ne2
WHERE
n= sample size
N= total population
e= margin of error
 Example: A researcher wants to
conduct a survey. If the population
of a big university is 35,000. Find the
sample size if the margin of error is
5%
n= N/1+Ne2
SUBSTITUTE:
n= 35000/1+ (35000)(.05)2
= 35000/1+ (35000)(.0025)
= 35,000/1+87.5
= 35,000/88.5
= 395
 Suppose you plan to conduct a study among
1,500 Grade 11 students enrolled in the STEM
track. How many respondents are needed
using the margin of error of 99%?
 Probability Sampling
- Only approach that makes POSSIBLE
representative sampling plans
Non Probability Sampling
 Most frequent used type of probability
sampling technique
Has equal chance of selection every member
of the population
Example: 100 SHS in a public school. To get
the desired sample size of 100, you can
SELECT either MANUALLY or
ELECTRONICALLY, ensuring that each
member has AN EQUAL CHANCE of being
selected
 Table of random
numbers/Lottery Technique
- is a clumsy physical process for
choosing random samples.
 Is affected by drawing units at
regular intervals from a list
 Selecting sub-samples proportionate in size
to the significant characteristics of the total
population
Different strata in the population are defined
and each member of the stratum is listed.
Tell something about the sampling procedure
and the sample.
ESSAY
Tell something about the sampling procedure
and the sample?
 Convenience sampling methods of
selecting samples that are available and are
capable of participating in a research study
on current events
Sometimes called HAPHAZARD or
AVAILABILITY SAMPLING
Example: survey or interview on a captive
audience inside the mall or park or school
 Is a technique where the researcher identifies
a key informant about a research of interest
and then ask that respondent to refer or
identify another respondent who can
participate in the study
 Judgmental or subjective sampling employs
a procedure in which samples are chosen for
a SPECIAL purpose
EXAMPLE: you may want to conduct a study
on WHY grade 11 students chose TECH-VOC
track over the Academic track. You, therefore,
find samples and your first question would be
ARE YOU PLANNING TO GO TO THE
UNIVERSITY? those will say NO will not be
included.
 Is gathering a representative sample from a
group based on certain characteristics of the
population chosen by the researchers
Usually the population is divided into specific
groups
EXAMPLE: Both genders , males and females
are to be represented equally in the sample
group, then 60 representatives are needed,
then u get 30 males and 30 females from each
group
 The main difference between stratified
random sampling and quota sampling you
use non random selection
 ESSAY
Tell something about the sampling procedure
and the sample?