URBAN

Starter Task

Resonate from last lesson.

At your tables each person come up with one
key word from the last lesson.
The person who got up FIRST today starts.
No cheating!
 Maybe...
Centrifugal
Centripetal
Megacity
Lagos
Gentrification
 Main Focus today

What is an "Urban Stress and how can we

deal with them?
We will split into groups and come up with 5 W
answers
 Urban Stresses
What is an urban stress?
Why is this an urban stress?
Who might it most affect?
When may this be a bigger stress?
Where is this most likely to be a stress?
 Solutions
Switch groups and try and come up with
possible SOLUTIONS to these stresses.
Name the stress and city! - 8
1.Crime - Rio de Janeiro
2.Traffic congestion - Delhi
3.Air pollution - Brussels
4.Waste management - Dhaka
5.Urban Sprawl - Mexico City
6.Waste/ poor housing - London
7.Capsule hotels - overcrowding - Tokyo
8.Shanty town - Lagos
Urban stress changes the brain?
http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2020711323/
 What are the challenges facing a (LIC)
city?
Housing the urban poor
Social deprivation, crime and inequality
Employment
Air / water pollution
Waste management
Transport
Energy
Water and food supply
Public space
 Squatter Settlements
Residential areas which have developed without legal
claims to the land and/or permission from the concerned
authorities to build; as a result of their illegal or semi-legal
status, infrastructure and services are usually
inadequate.

Also known as slums, shanty towns, favellas (Brazil),

townships (S Africa). There are many different standards
of these.
Rocinha Rio de
Janeiro Brazil
 The role of the Informal Sector

Squatter settlements play a vital role in the process of

urban growth we are witnessing in the world (1 billion
people?)

The informal sector involves any form of work done

that does not have government involvement.

Examples?
Problems of the informal economy
No
money
Low No
profit investment
Low
output
Is it possible that squatter settlements, shanty
towns, bustees, favelas, slums are part of the
urban solution?
Slums of hope or slums of despair?

Dharavi - Slumming It
 Are they (shanty towns) all bad?
POSITIVE? NEGATIVE?
Watch Richard Neuwirths TED presentation on
his book Shadow Cities
(14 mins)

He presents an empathic
and positive view of squatter
settlements and their role in
modern cities.

http://www.ted.com/talk
s/robert_neuwirth_on_o
ur_shadow_cities.html
 Some of the worst air pollution is now in LICs
or NICs
China:
 Urban Microclimates
A microclimate is
a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from
the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small
as a few meters (for example a garden bed) or as large as
many kilometers
Why might an urban area have a microclimate?
What is meant by an urban heat island? Can we DRAW it?
 1.What is an Urban Heat Island? (UHI)
2.What are the causes of Urban Heat islands?
3.What solutions are given for the decline of
the UHI effect?
4.Draw a large diagram to show a microclimate
Look in course companion, page 305, 306
Why have the problems developed?
What is the impact on the city?
(environmental, economic, social)
 Other stresses...
Huge gaps between rich and poor in LICs AND
HICs?
Shanty next to high rise buildings
TNCs create jobs only for educated
The rich get richer....
Rapidly changing?
DTM?
Globalisation and copying HIC growth
Urban Stress What is it...what it might look like.why is it an issue Examples from an MEDC Examples from an LEDC
Example etc? (size of problem and/or solutions to problem (size of problem and/or solutions to
would add depth here) problem would add depth here)

Air Pollution
 Case-Study
Choose an LIC (LEDC) city and create a case-study outlining
STRESSES and SOLUTIONS. Create on large paper/ digital
resource in 2s.
This should include:
Location (map?)
Key vocabulary from the topic (book for help)
Specific statistics
5 (?) stresses
Responses/ solutions/ strategies by people and the
government - sustainable?
Anything else?
 London
A case-study of an MEDC (HIC) city urban
stresses and sustainability
 Main processes/ key terms
Urban Decay
Urban renewal
Gentrification
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation,
Urban sprawl
Re-urbanisation
Decentralisation
Ex-urbanisation
Urban blight
Conurbation
Urban village
 London
Population
In the 2011 Census, city = 8,173,941
However, London's continuous urban area extends
beyond the borders of Greater London and was home
to 9,787,426 people in 2011, while its wider
metropolitan area has a population of between 12
and 14 million depending on the definition used.
According to Eurostat, London is the most populous
city and metropolitan area of the European Union and
the second most populous in Europe.
 Urban stresses?
What urban stresses are evident in London
from the Megacities video? Part 2 Part 3

Use these to create a spider diagram of urban

stresses in London.

Urban Stresses in
London
 Urban Stress in London
Usual urban problems pollution, traffic, overcrowding
20m tonnes of waste a year; 40,000 miles of sewars
Huge gap between rich and poor
Inner city urban blight poor, old housing (East End), schools
High rise estates to make
up for shortfall (600,000)
These areas associated
with crime, violence and
Graffiti.
 Urban Stress in London
Huge range of migrants (former port city)
1960s from former colonies in Asia (Pakistan, Sri Lanka);
East Africa (Uganda) and in the 1980/90s large numbers of
refugees from eg Afghanistan, Iraq.
Creates urban villages where people cluster, creates a
hotbed of culture in London
Has led to some hostility and racism
History of riots in the city Brixton (25% population of
different racial background)
 However...
In a 100m stretch in Finsbury Park can be seen an
Irish pub, Indian newsagents, food shop and
restaurant, West Indian businesses, West African
restaurant, Chinese take away, Lebanese flower
shop, Jewish run ironmongers, Italian restaurant,
Spanish off-licence... This rich mix of cultures
rubbing alongside one another that characterises
contemporary London and adds so much to its
vitality
 Starter - article for discussion
September 2017, could recent intense
hurricanes be linked to urban sprawl?
 Solutions - The Sustainable City
Can a city be sustainable?
A sustainable city, or eco-city is a city designed with
consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by
people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of
energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air
pollution - CO2, methane and water pollution
Copenhagen Dec 2016
Sustainable cities 2016
 London Sustainable?
TASK:
Use videos, articles and research to create this
table.
SUSTAINABLE YES SUSTAINABLE NO
INNER CITY CONGESTION CHARGE 20M TONNES OF WASTE PRODUCED
EACH YEAR
 Solutions - London sustainability
The Docklands project
Sustainable transport and congestion charge
Olympics and stinky Stratford regeneration
London notes and geofile
Sustainable cities 2016
Vancouver as a model?
ESSAY - CITIES CAN NEVER BE FULLY SUSTAINABLE. DISCUSS
THIS STATEMENT (10).
ESSAY - CITIES CAN NEVER BE FULLY SUSTAINABLE. DISCUSS
THIS STATEMENT (10).

Do you know the marking criteria (i.e. 10

marks)?
How long should you spend on this?
Info on website:
https://sites.google.com/isb.be/isbibgeograph
y/grade-12-class-presentations
 Case-Study - your turn
Choose an LIC (LEDC) city and create a case-study outlining
STRESSES and SOLUTIONS. Create on large paper/ digital
resource in twos - Use a city you have already studied and
feel free to include graphs/ pictures etc.
This should include:
Location (map?)
Key vocabulary from the topic (book for help)
Specific statistics
5 (?) stresses
Responses/ solutions/ strategies by people and the
government - sustainable?
Anything else?
 Sustainable Housing
What is done to provide socially sustainable housing for the
urban poor?
Affordable housing provided by government or private
sector
Upgrading squatter settlements
Slum clearance and relocation
Site and service schemes
Loans for people to buy housing
 Extra sustainable case study -
Curitiba
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XxS-
LO1Y_lmjG2Kikvz7BGxDiHPE4JSGaSQavQj0rVk
/edit?usp=sharing
 IB style question (essay)
Most large cities suffer from a serious
problem of urban poverty for which there
is no solution. Discuss this statement.
10 marks.
Do you know the marking criteria?
How long should you spend on this?
22 minutes
 Case-Studies Revision
Can we now create spider diagrams linking
case-studies to the main features of Urban
Environments? Better than at the beginning?
Look again at the syllabus and try and create
these in groups on large paper.
SEEP - causes, consequences, responses,
statistics
 Paper 2 style IB questions
Practice time!
Assessment - September 26th.
Revision material and unit outline on website
 Plenary
Which is the MOST and LEAST important urban
stresses that Governments should deal with -
spectrum line.