Introduction to

Petroleum Geochemistry

Lesson-1:
Introduction

Overview of what you

are going to learn
UNDIP e-Library Procedures

References stored at the Geo

Computing Lab (Ground Floor) in
the PC-6 Hard Disk as shared
files
Get permission from the
administrator of the Lab
Log-in to PC-6 and get to: Libraries/My
Document/for undip use only
If PC-6 occupied then Log-in to other PC and look
at Network/komputer6/for undip use only
 Further Readings
Chilingar, G.V. et al, 2005, Geology and
Geochemistry of Oil and Gas, Elsevier BV, Chapters
7 - 10
Demaison, G., 1984, The Generative Basin
Concept, AAPG Memoir 35
Magoon, L.B. and W.G. Dow, 1994, The Petroleum
System, AAPG Memoir 60, Chapter-1
Smith, J.T., 1994, The Petroleum System Logic as
an Exploration Tool in a Frontier Setting, AAPG
Memoir 60, Chapter-2
 Objectives
Principles of hydrocarbon generation,
migration, accumulation and alteration
within Petroleum System framework
Source Rock Evaluation Techniques
Oil & Gas Characterizations
Basics of oil to oil and oil to source
rock correlations
 Petroleum System Definition
The essential ELEMENTS and PROCESSES and all
genetically-related hydrocarbons that occur in
petroleum shows and accumulations whose
provenance is a single pod of active source rock

ELEMENTS PROCESSES
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route Migration
Reservoir Rock Accumulation
Trap
Seal Rock Preservation

AAPG
 Petroleum System:
Source Rock Migration Traps Preservation

Elements:
Source Rock Processes:
Migration Route Generation
Trap Reservoir Rock Migration
Seal Rock Accumulation
Preservation
 Video Oil and Gas Formation

Microscopic animals and plants (fossils)

Absence of oxygen

Kerogen Forming

Heat of the earth

Hydrogen and Carbon

Oil seeps

Traps
 Source Rocks
Fine grained sediments thinly
laminated containing Organic
Matters (OM)
Anaerobic oxygen level < 0.5
mL/L lack of bioturbation
Deposited in low energy
environments (swamp, lake,
delta, lagoon, deep marine)
Kerogen Alteration to HC
Biogenic gas at shallow
depth (low temperature)
Increasing depth higher
temperature biogenic gas
disappear
Oil generation gradually
turns to wet gas and dry gas
with increasing depth
Biomarkers diminish at the
over-mature zone
Primary
Migration
expulsion of
HC out of
source rock

Secondary
Migration
HC
movement
along carrier
bed
Traps
HC Alterations
 Petroleum
Naturally occurring hydrocarbons composed
almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen:
Gas (C1 C4)
Liquid (C5 C15) (@ room
temperature)
Solid (C15 and heavier)
Impurities (small amount) - NSO:
Nitrogen

Sulfur

Oxygen
 Chemical Composition
Paraffins (Alkanes / Saturates):
Normal Paraffin (n-alkanes) straight chain
Iso-paraffin (i-alkanes) branched chain
Naphthene (cyclo-paraffin) 5 or 6 ring alkanes
Aromatic (benzene)
NSO compounds
 Source Rocks
Fine grain sediments thinly laminated
containing Organic Matters (OM)

Anaerobic deposition oxygen level < 0.5 mL/L

lack of bioturbation

Deposited in low energy

environments (swamp, lake,
delta, lagoon, deep marine)
 Samples for Source Rock Evaluation

Drill Cuttings

Side-wall Cores

Cores
 Source Rock Evaluations

TOC Leco Carbon Analyzer

Rock Extracts

Rock-Eval Pyrolysis

Petrographic Analysis

Carbon Isotopic Evaluation

Source Rock Prediction Using Logs
Oil and Gas Fields Distribution
Oil and Gas Fields Distribution

Why some fields contain gas?

Others only gas?
Which fields sourced from Talang Akar?
Any other source rocks?
Further exploration potential?
Surface Geochemical Prospecting
Onshore Offshore
Surface Geochemical Prospecting
Unconventional Hydrocarbons

Coal Bed Methane CBM

Shale Oil / Gas
 Thank you
for your attention