Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
1. Glycolysis
harvests chemical Energy investment phase
2 NAD+ + 4 e + 4 H+ +
2 NADH + 2 H
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
K31
2. After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic
molecules
-Oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA
-CitricCYTOSOL
Acid cycle MITOCHONDRION
NAD+ NADH + H+
1 3
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A
Transport protein
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages
of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
The citric acid cycle, Pyruvate
FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i
ATP
K31
K31
NADH
3. During oxidative 50
2 e
phosphorylation, NAD+
FADH2
Q
Cyt b
FeS
30
Cyt c1 IV
Cyt c
10 2 e
(from NADH
or FADH2)
0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
K32; K33
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-
Coupling Mechanism
K32; K33
H+
H+
H+
H+
Protein complex Cyt c
of electron
carriers
V
Q
ATP
synthase
2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
FADH2
FAD
NADH NAD+
ADP + P i ATP
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+
Oxidative phosphorylation
K32: Students should be able to explain the role of electron transport chain in cellular
respiration; K33: Students should be able to explain where and how the respiratory
electron transport chain creates a proton gradient
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
4. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to
produce ATP without the use of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
uses an electron transport chain
does not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor
at the end of the chain (e.g. sulfate ion SO42- by
product H2S instead of H2O)
Fermentation
does not use an electron transport chain
Uses glycolysis to produce ATP
Types of Fermentation
2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP
Glucose Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2
+ 2 H+
2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde
(a) Alcohol fermentation
Glucose Glycolysis
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation
5. Photosynthesis
converts light energy to
the chemical energy of
food
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Intermembrane
Stroma Granum Thylakoid space
space
Inner
membrane
Excited
e state
Energy of electron
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon Ground
Chlorophyll state
molecule
- Photosystem II
The reaction- Thylakoid membrane
center chlorophyll e
a of PS II is called
P680
- Photosystem I
The reaction-
center chlorophyll Transfer Special pair of Pigment
a of PS I is called of energy chlorophyll a molecules
molecules
P700 THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
K36
Linear Electron Flow
Primary
Primary 4 acceptor 7
acceptor Fd
Pq e
2 e 8
H2O e e NADP+
Cytochrome
2 H+ NADP+ + H+
complex
+ reductase
1/ O 3 NADPH
2 2
Pc
e
e P700
P680 5 Light
1 Light 6
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin
Primary
Primary acceptor
Fd
acceptor Fd
NADP+
Pq
NADP+ + H+
reductase
Cytochrome NADPH
complex
Pc
Photosystem I
Photosystem II ATP
Fd: Ferredoxin
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin
Pq NADPH
e Pc
e 2
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE 1 1/
2 O2
(high H+ concentration) +2 H+ 4 H+
To
Calvin
Cycle
Thylakoid
membrane ATP
synthase
STROMA
ADP
(low H+ concentration)
+ ATP
Pi
H+
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin
cycle
7. The Calvin Input 3
CO2
(Entering one
at a time)
sugar 3 P
Short-lived
P
intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP
6 ADP
3 ADP Calvin
Cycle
6 P P
3 ATP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of 6 NADP+
the CO2 acceptor 6 Pi
(RuBP)
5 P
G3P
6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction
1 P Glucose and
Output G3P other organic
(a sugar)
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin compounds
cycle
8. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have
evolved in hot, arid climates
Photorespiration
Mesophyll
Mesophyll cell cell CO2
Photosynthetic PEP carboxylase
cells of C4 Bundle-
plant leaf sheath
cell
Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C)
Vein ADP
(vascular tissue)
Malate (4C) ATP
Pyruvate (3C)
Bundle-
Stoma sheath CO2
cell
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar
Vascular
tissue
PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate
Sugarcane Pineapple
C4 CAM
CO2 CO2
Mesophyll 1 CO2 incorporated Night
cell Organic acid into four-carbon Organic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
Sugar Sugar