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A probability problem likelihood of a land uses impact on ground water given different
locations, layouts, densities and management arrangements.
Understanding of the potential for contaminant production. Land uses of special concern.
Industrial facilities (manufacturing installations, fuel and chemical storage facilities, railroad yards and
energy plants).
Urban complexes (highway systems, landfills, utility lines, sewage treatment plants, and automotive repair
facilities).
Agricultural operations (cropland, feedlots, chemical storage facilities, and processing plants).
Land use of less concern (single-family residential, institutions such as schools and churches, commercial
facilities, parks and open spaces).
Aquifer vulnerability assess the proposed site for groundwater susceptibility to pollution.
Aquifers depth.
Linkages to the surface.
Significance as a drinking water source.
Information on water use and well location.
Aquifer protected by confining layer?
Recharge zones.
Location of recharge zones.
Avoid zones that feed shallow aquifers.
Permeability of surface material.
Shallow aquifers water table aquifer important source of water for streams,
ponds and lakes.
Not used as a source of drinking (health codes require aquifer be deeper than 25ft) .
Pollution source within 1000ft can contaminate seepage water discharging into the water
features.
The part of the aquifer system is the site associated : recharge, transmission,
withdrawal or discharge (seepage).
Overland flow
Disposition of rainfall.
Diverted, stored, dissipated and conducted.
Works differently under different landscape and
climatic conditions.
Forested landscape retain the most and yield the least
overland flow.
Streams are fed as subsurface sources, groundwater and
water that moves within the soil as interflow.
Opposite are barren or lightly vegetated landscapes
both natural and man-made, arid and semi-arid
landscape as well as developed landscapes.
Key variables for stormwater planning and management.
Concerns are the rate and volume of:
rainwater delivered.
rainwater taken up in infiltration.
the overland flow (stormwater) produced.
Three factors are of greatest concern.
Land cover (vegetation and land use).
Soil composition and texture.
Surface inclination.
Overland flow .
increases with slope.
decreases with soil organic content and particle size.
increases with ground coverage by hard surface material.
decreases with vegetative cover.
Coefficient of runoff- 0 to 1.
0.7 coefficient - 70% of rainfall is available as overland flow and 30% is lost to infiltration.
Transient factors may influence the coefficient of runoff and overland flow.
When rainfall intensity rises.
Prestorm soil moisture.
Level of groundwater has risen into the soil column.
Naturally saturated soil as in wetlands behave as impermeable soil with coefficient of runoff
approaching 0.90.
These factors creates problem for forecasting stormwater runoff.
Rational method- computation of runoff generated from a small watershed giving the peak
discharge for one rainstorm at the mouth of watershed.
Q = A * C * I.