Introduction

to Chemistry
Why is Chemistry important?
Central Science all fields of science use
chemistry (knowledge and principles;
Biology, Geology, Medicine, etc.)
 Water (H2O) is a vital and important part
of our lives. It is a chemical (non-toxic)
 Everything in our body is composed of
chemicals (biomolecules):
Carbohydrates

Protein

Lipids

Nucleic Acid
 Health and Medicine (Sanitation Systems)

Materials and Technology

Polymers (plastic chairs; innovation) *because metals
are prone to corrosion
 Food and Agriculture (innovation)
GMO genetically modified organisms

Bacillus Thuringiensis microorganism injected to

plants which causes the parasite not to go to that
plant (no effect on humans)
Chemistry
Study of matter (occupies space and has
mass), its properties, the changes that
matter undergoes, and the energy
(thermochemistry) associated with these
changes
Macroscopic vs Microscopic
Macroscopic reactions are visible to the
human eye (can be seen w/o microscope)
Example: Sugar

Crystaline

White

Sweet

Example : Salt

Crystaline, White, Salty

 Microscopic molecular level, not visible
or obvious
Example: Sugar = C6H12O6

Example: Salt = NaCl, when sodium transfers 1

electron to Cl
 When a reaction happens, there is a
corresponding energy
Matter
Matter anything that has mass & volume, the
stuff of the universe; has mass and occupies
space

Composition: types & amounts of simpler substances

that make up matter
Properties : Characteristics that give each substance
a unique identity
Physical Properties
Can be measured, observed, without
changing its composition of matter

Maintains the same atoms, if changed

in appearance (ice -> melted water)
If how many oxygen atoms were there
previously, it should be the same
 Boilingwater at 100 degrees, water
changes from liquid to vapor but the
water source is the same
Chemical Properties
Transformation into another substance
Flammability capacity to ignite
Flash points lowest temperature where the liquid is
ignited to produce flame

CxHy + O2 = Co2 + H20 (complete combustion)

CxHy + 02 = Co2 + H2O + Carmon Monoxide

(incomplete combustion)
 Acid and base
Baseis more corrosive because you can
wash off the acid easily than the base
Physical Change
Substancealters its form but not its
composition (seen microscopic)
Example : Water (H20)
Freeze H20 = ice
Melt H20 = liquid
Boil H20 = vapor (gas)

Note: It is still the same substance, water! But in

different states or form
Chemical Change
Substance is converted into a different substance,
producing different property
Formation of a different substance
Chemical reaction
Example: Electrolysis of H20
H20 -> H2(g) + O2 (g)
Example: Formation of water
Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen to form water
As one can see, no water (H20) in Hydrogen (H)
Sample Problems!
Frost forms as the temperature drops on a winter
night. Physical change
Cornstalk grows from a seed when watered
Chemical change
Match ignites from ash Chemical change
Perspiration evaporates Physical Change
A fork tarnishes slowly in air Chemical Change
Extensive & Intensive
Properties
Extensive
Property depends on the
amount of matter
Mass
Length
Volume
Can be added together
 IntensiveProperty does not depend on
the amount of matter
constant
Not additive
Density
Temperature
Color
Physical States of Matter
Solid -> Liquid = Melting
Liquid -> Solid = Freezing
Liquid -> Gas = Vaporization
Gas -> Liquid = Condensation
Solid -> Gas = Sublimation
Gas -> Solid = Sublimation

Every Process would require energy (in the form

of heat)
 Not all solids are capable of sublimation

Solid with low melting point = Sublimation

Solid with high melting point = no sublimation
Scientific Method
Observation Natural phenomena and
events; if universally consistent, can be
stated as a law (a concise statement of
relationship between phenomena)
 Hypothesis tentative explanation that
explains observation
Revised if experimental results do not support it
 Experiment Procedure to test hypothesis;
Key to advancing our understanding of any
science
 Model (Theory) conceptual assumptions
that explains data from experiments

Theory unifying principle that explains

experimental observation and its laws
 Further
Experiments Further testing; tests
prediction based on model

Test again on different but relative conditions,

etc.
Measurement
Allocation of numerical values to
properties of objects
Quantitative properties
2 System of Units
English System (foot, gallon, pound, etc)

Metric System (meter, liter, kilogram, etc.)

SI Base Units
Revisedmetric system (International
System of Units)
Length = m
Mass = kg
Time = s
Electrical current = A
Temperature = K
Amount of Substance = mol
Luminous intensity = cd
 Tera (T) = 1x10^12
Giga (G) = 1x10^9
Mega (M) = 1x10^6
Kilo (k) = 1x10^3
Deci (d) = 1x10^-1
Centi (c)= 1x10^-2
Milli (m) = 1x10^-3
Micro (u)= 1x10^-6
Nano (n) = 1x10^-9
Pico (p) = 1x10^-12
Mass
Weight- force exerted due to gravity
Mass measure of the amount of matter
in an object

SIunit- kg
1kg = 1000 g = 1x10^3 g
Temperature
SIbase unit = Kelvin (K)
Kelvin = absolute temperature, lowest
possible is 0K
Kelvin boiling point = 373.15K
Kelvin freezing point = 263.15K

K = (degree celsius + 273.15)

C = (Kelvin 273.15)
 Fahrenheit = Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
F=9/5 x (celsius) + 32
C = (fahrenheit 32) 5/9

Celsius = Ander Celsius

Density
D= m/v