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Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Agenda
Introducción a QoS
Caracterización de tráfico en redes convergentes
Clasificación y marcado
Traffic Policing
Queuing & Scheduling
Congestion Avoidance
Traffic Shaping
Otras herramientas
Auto-QoS
Recomendaciones
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Introducción a QoS
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
Why Enable QoS?
QoS
Enables VoIP and
IP telephony
Security Drives productivity
Quality of
by enhancing service
Service
levels to mission-critical
applications
Cuts costs by bandwidth
optimization
Helps maintain network
availability in the event
of DoS/worm attacks
High Availability
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Campus QoS Considerations
Typical Campus Oversubscription Ratios
Core
Si Si
Typical 4:1
Oversubscription
Distribution
Si Si
Typical 20:1
Oversubscription
Access
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Cisco QoS Architectural Framework
Automating and Management
Video
Voice
Data
QoS for QoS for
Security Tiered Services
QoS for
Management Technologies
Management Applications
Convergence
Auto-Provisioning
Provisioning/
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Formas de configurar QoS
CLI
MQC
AutoQoS
QoS Policy Manager
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MQC
Modular
Separa clasificación de
políticas
Separa políticas de
interfaces
Estructura uniforme
Independiente de la
plataforma
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AutoQoS
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Caracterización
del tráfico en
redes
convergentes
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Enabling QoS in the WAN
Delay
Loss Delay Variation
(Jitter)
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Voice QoS Requirements
End-to-End Latency
Hello? Hello?
Avoid the
“Human Ethernet”
CB Zone
Satellite Quality
High Quality Fax Relay, Broadcast
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Voice QoS Requirements
Elements That Affect Latency and Jitter
PSTN
IP WAN
Propagation
CODEC Queuing Serialization and Network
Jitter Buffer
Fixed
G.729A: 25 ms Variable Variable (3.3 s/Km) + 20–50 ms
Network Delay
(Variable)
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Voice QoS Requirements
Packet Loss Limitations
Voice
3
Voice
Reconstructed Voice Sample
3
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Voice QoS Requirements
Provisioning for Voice
Latency ≤ 150 ms
Voice
One-Way
Jitter ≤ 30 ms Requirements
Loss ≤ 1%
17–106 kbps guaranteed priority
bandwidth per call • Smooth
150 bps (+ layer 2 overhead) • Benign
guaranteed bandwidth for • Drop sensitive
voice-control traffic per call • Delay sensitive
CAC must be enabled • UDP priority
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Video QoS Requirements
Video Conferencing Traffic Example (384 kbps)
30pps
“P” and “B” Frames
128–256 Bytes
15pps
32Kbps
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Video QoS Requirements
Provisioning for Interactive Video
Loss ≤ 1%
Minimum priority bandwidth
guarantee required is
Video-stream + 10–20% • Bursty
e.g., a 384 kbps stream could require up • Drop sensitive
to 460 kbps of priority bandwidth • Delay sensitive
• UDP priority
CAC must be enabled
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Data QoS Requirements
Provisioning for Data
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Scavenger-Class
What Is the Scavenger Class?
Bandwidth per Call IP/VC has the Same Traffic patterns for
Depends on Codec, Requirements as VoIP, Data Vary Among
Sampling-Rate, but Has Radically Different Applications
and Layer 2 Media Traffic Patterns (BW Varies
Greatly)
Latency ≤ 150 ms Latency ≤ 150 ms Data Classes:
Jitter ≤ 30 ms Jitter ≤ 30 ms Mission-Critical Apps
Loss ≤ 1% Loss ≤ 1% Transactional/Interactive Apps
One-Way Requirements One-Way Requirements Bulk Data Apps
Best Effort Apps (Default)
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Clasificación
y Marcado
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Classification Tools
Ethernet 802.1Q Class of Service
TAG
Pream. SFD DA SA Type PT Data FCS
4 Bytes
Ethernet Frame
Three Bits Used for CoS
(802.1p User Priority)
PRI CFI VLAN ID 802.1Q/p
Header
CoS Application
7 Reserved
802.1p user priority field also
6 Routing
called Class of Service (CoS)
5 Voice
Different types of traffic are 4 Video
assigned different CoS values 3 Call Signaling
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Standard IPv4
IP Precedence Unused
DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) IP ECN DiffServ Extensions
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Classification Tools
DSCP Per-Hop Behaviors
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Classification and Marking
Cisco Marking Recommendations
L3 Classification L2
Application
IPP PHB DSCP CoS
Routing 6 CS6 48 6
Voice 5 EF 46 5
Video Conferencing 4 AF41 34 4
Streaming Video 4 CS4 32 4
Mission-Critical Data 3 AF31* 26 3
Call Signaling 3 CS3* 24 3
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Classification Tools
MPLS EXP Bits
Frame Encapsulation MPLS Shim Header
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Payload 3 2 1 0
MPLS EXP S
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Classification Tools
Network-Based Application Recognition
Stateful and Dynamic Inspection
IP Packet TCP/UDP Packet Data Area
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Classification and Marking Design Principles
Where and How Should Marking Be Done?
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Clasificación (MQC)
class-map {match any | match all} class-map-name
match condition
ACL,IPP,DSCP,MPLS Exp,protocol (NBAR), CoS, interfaz entrada…
Ejemplo:
CAT2950(config)# class-map match-all AutoQoS-VoIP-RTP-Trust
CAT2950(config-cmap)# match ip dscp 46
CAT2950(config)# class-map match-all AutoQoS-VoIP-Control-Trust
CAT2950(config-cmap)# match ip dscp 24 26
show class-map
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Marcado (MQC)
policy-map policy-map-name
class class-map-name
set DSCP n
set COS m
Ejemplo:
CAT2950(config)#policy-map UNTRUSTED-SERVER
CAT2950(config-pmap)# class SAP
CAT2950(config-pmap-c)# set ip dscp 18
CAT2950(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
CAT2950(config-if)# service-policy input UNTRUSTED-SERVER
show policy-map
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Enabling QoS in the Campus
Trust Boundary
Endpoints Access Distribution Core WAN Agg.
1 Si Si
2
Si Si
3
Trust Boundary
1 2 3
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Enabling QoS in the Campus
Scheduling in IP Phones
IP Phone Enclosure
P1 Untrusted:
P Trusted: Phone Switch
Phone Rewrites CoS = 0
Switch Accepts
incoming CoS Voice
CoS = 5 CoS = 5
P0
P P2 P1
Access Data
CoS = 0
Switch Priority Q
PC
Data Qs
Catalyst 2950/2960/3560/3750/6500
mls qos trust device cisco-phone
mls qos trust cos
mls qos trust dscp
Catalyst 4500
qos trust device cisco-phone
qos trust cos
qos trust dscp
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Policing
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RFC 2697 Single Rate Three Color Policer
Overflow
CIR
CBS EBS
No No
B<Tc B<Te
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Single rate policing (MQC)
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Single Rate, Single Token Bucket
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Single rate, dual bucket
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RFC 2698 Two Rate Three Color Policer
PIR CIR
PBS CBS
No No
B>Tp B>Tc
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Dual rate policing (MQC)
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Dual rate (MQC)
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Queuing &
Scheduling
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Scheduling Tools
Queuing Algorithms
Voice 1 1
Video 2 2
3 3
Data
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
LLQ/CBWFQ
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
Enabling QoS in the WAN
Provisioning
Voice/Video Routing,
Voice Video Data Etc.
Control
LLQ = 33%
Sum of Traffic = 75% Reserved
Link Capacity
Link Capacity = (Min BW for Voice + Min BW for Video + Min BW for Data)/0.75
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
Enabling QoS in the WAN
LLQ Example
class-map class-default
LLQ
match any
Class-Map Voice = 17%
class-map match-all voice
match ip dscp ef Priority
Class-map match-all voice-control Queue 1 1
match ip dscp af31 ; or CS3
! De-
policy-map WAN 3 2 1 1 2 1 queue
class voice 128
Classify kbps
priority percent 17 2 2
class voice-control CBWFQ
bandwidth percent 2 3 3
class class-default
fair-queue
! class-map default = remaining
interface Serial0/1
ip address 10.1.6.2 255.255.255.0
Any Packet with DSCP = 46
bandwidth 128 (PHB=EF) Gets Assigned to
no ip directed-broadcast a Class that Will Get a High
service-policy output WAN Priority Queue with 17%
! Bandwidth
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
Catalyst 2950
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Catalyst 2950/2960
Incoming CoS to internal DSCP
mls qos map cos-dscp dscp1...dscp8
Switch(config)# mls qos map cos-dscp 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Switch(config)# end
Switch# show mls qos maps cos-dscp
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Catalyst 2950
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Catalyst 2950
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Catalyst 2960
Mapea DSCP (interno) a CoS
Colas de entrada
Una cola expedita
Una cola SRR
Cola de salida
Una cola puede ser expedita
El resto (3) es SRR
Shaped Round Robin
Shaped: estricto
Shared: si otra cola no está usando, lo ocupa
Se evita la congestión con WTD
Cada cola tiene 3 umbrales: 2 son configurables como un porcentaje del buffer de la cola,
el tercero es el 100% del buffer
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Catalyst 2960
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Catalyst 2960 - AutoQoS
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Congestion
Avoidance
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TCP Global Synchronization:
The Need for Congestion Avoidance
All TCP flows synchronize in waves
Synchronization wastes available bandwidth
Bandwidth
100% Utilization
Time
Tail Drop
Three Traffic Flows Another Traffic Flow
Start at Different Times Starts at This Point
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 56
Scheduling Tools
Congestion Avoidance Algorithms
TAIL DROP
WRED Queue
3 3
1 0
1 2 1 2 0 2 0 3 2 1 3
0
3
Queueing algorithms manage the front of the queue
0
Which packets get transmitted first
3
Congestion avoidance algorithms manage the tail of
the queue
Which packets get dropped first when queuing buffers fill
Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
WRED can operate in a DiffServ-compliant mode
Drops packets according to their DSCP markings
WRED works best with TCP-based applications, like data
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 57
Scheduling Tools
DSCP-Based WRED Operation
100%
50%
Average
0 Queue
Begin Begin Begin Size
Dropping Dropping Dropping
AF13 AF12 AF11 Max Queue
Length
(Tail Drop)
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 58
Traffic Shaping
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Traffic Shaping
Without Traffic Shaping
Line
Rate
With Traffic Shaping
Shaped
Rate
Traffic Shaping Limits the Transmit Rate to a Value Lower Than Line Rate
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
Otras herramientas
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Link-Fragmentation and Interleaving
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IP RTP Header Compression
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Signaling Tools
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
This App Needs
16K BW and
RSVP QoS 100 msec Delay
services Multimedia
Station
Guaranteed service Handset
I Need 16K
Mathematically provable BW and
bounds 100 msec
Delay
on end-to-end datagram
queuing delay/bandwidth
Controlled service Reserve 16K
BW on this Line
Approximate QoS from
an unloaded network for
delay/bandwidth
Handset
RSVP provides the
policy to WFQ and LLQ
Multimedia Server
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
AutoQoS
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Cisco Catalyst 2950
AutoQoS VoIP Model Example
C2950(config-if)#auto qos voip cisco-phone
!
wrr-queue bandwidth 10 20 70 1
Options: wrr-queue cos-map 1 0 1
wrr-queue cos-map 2 2 4
auto qos voip cisco-phone wrr-queue cos-map 3 3 6 7
auto qos voip cisco-softphone wrr-queue cos-map 4 5
mls qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 26 32 46 48 56
auto qos voip trust !
!
interface FastEthernet0/1
mls qos trust device cisco-phone
mls qos trust cos
auto qos voip cisco-phone
!
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Cat 2960/2970/3560/3750 AutoQoS Example
CAT2970(config-if)#auto qos voip cisco-phone
!
mls qos map cos-dscp 0 8 16 26 32 46 48 56
mls qos srr-queue output cos-map queue 1 threshold 3 5
mls qos srr-queue output cos-map queue 2 threshold 3 3 6 7
mls qos srr-queue output cos-map queue 3 threshold 3 2 4
mls qos srr-queue output cos-map queue 4 threshold 2 1
mls qos srr-queue output cos-map queue 4 threshold 3 0
Options: mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 1 threshold 3 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 2 threshold 3 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
47
31
mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 2 threshold 3 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
auto qos voip cisco-phone mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 2 threshold 3 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 3 threshold 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
63
23
auto qos voip cisco-softphone mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 3 threshold 3 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 4 threshold 1 8
auto qos voip trust mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 4 threshold 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
mls qos srr-queue output dscp-map queue 4 threshold 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mls qos queue-set output 1 threshold 1 138 138 92 138
mls qos queue-set output 1 threshold 2 138 138 92 400
mls qos queue-set output 1 threshold 3 36 77 100 318
mls qos queue-set output 1 threshold 4 20 50 67 400
mls qos queue-set output 2 threshold 1 149 149 100 149
mls qos queue-set output 2 threshold 2 118 118 100 235
mls qos queue-set output 2 threshold 3 41 68 100 272
mls qos queue-set output 2 threshold 4 42 72 100 242
mls qos queue-set output 1 buffers 10 10 26 54
mls qos queue-set output 2 buffers 16 6 17 61
mls qos
!
!
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
srr-queue bandwidth share 10 10 60 20
srr-queue bandwidth shape 10 0 0 0
queue-set 2
mls qos trust device cisco-phone
mls qos trust cos
auto qos voip cisco-phone
!
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 67
Cisco Catalyst 4500
AutoQoS: VoIP Model
CAT4500(config-if)#auto qos voip cisco-phone
!
Options: qos
qos dbl
auto qos voip cisco-phone qos map cos 3 to 26
auto qos voip trust qos map cos 5 to 46
qos map dscp 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 to tx-queue 4
qos map dscp 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 to tx-queue 4
!
policy-map autoqos-voip-policy
class class-default
dbl
!
Interface GigabitEthernet0/1
qos trust device cisco-phone
qos trust cos
tx-queue 3
priority high
shape percent 33
bandwidth percent 33
!
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 68
AutoQoS
AutoQoS VoIP: WAN
interface Serial2/0
bandwidth 768
ip address 10.1.102.2 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp
auto qos voip trust
!
!
class-map match-any AutoQoS-VoIP-RTP-Trust
interface Multilink2001100117
match ip dscp ef
bandwidth 768
class-map match-any AutoQoS-VoIP-Control-Trust
ip address 10.1.102.2 255.255.255.0
match ip dscp cs3
service-policy output AutoQoS-Policy-Trust
match ip dscp af31
ip tcp header-compression iphc-format
!
no cdp enable
!
ppp multilink
policy-map AutoQoS-Policy-Trust
ppp multilink fragment delay 10
class AutoQoS-VoIP-RTP-Trust
ppp multilink interleave
priority percent 70
ppp multilink group 2001100117
class AutoQoS-VoIP-Control-Trust
ip rtp header-compression iphc-format
bandwidth percent 5
!
class class-default
…
fair-queue
!
!
interface Serial2/0
bandwidth 768
no ip address
encapsulation ppp
auto qos voip trust
no fair-queue
ppp multilink
ppp multilink group 2001100117
!
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AutoQoS WAN DiffServ Classes
Best Effort 0
Scavenger CS1
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AutoQoS WAN, Part One: Discovery
AutoDiscovery Notes
interface Serial4/0 point-to-point
encapsulation frame-relay
bandwidth 256
ip address 10.1.71.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 100
auto discovery qos
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AutoQoS WAN, Part One: Discovery
(Cont.)
Router# show auto discovery qos
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AutoQoS WAN, Part Two: Provisioning
interface Serial4/0 point-to-point
bandwidth 256
ip address 10.1.71.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 100
auto qos
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AutoQoS Enterprise: WAN, Part Two:
Provisioning (Cont.)
interface Serial4/0 point-to-point
bandwidth 256
ip address 10.1.71.1 255.255.255.0
frame-relay interface-dlci 100
auto qos
<policy continued>
!
policy-map AutoQoS-Policy-Se4/0-Parent
class class-default
shape average 256000
service-policy AutoQoS-Policy-Se4/0
!
interface Serial4/0 point-to-point
frame-relay interface-dlci 100
class AutoQoS-FR-Serial4/0-100
!
map-class frame-relay AutoQoS-FR-Serial4/0-100
frame-relay cir 256000
frame-relay mincir 256000
frame-relay fragment 320
service-policy output AutoQoS-Policy-Se4/0-Parent
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AutoQoS WAN, Part Three: Monitoring
Monitoring Drops in LLQ
Thresholds are activated in
RMON alarm table to monitor
drops in Voice Class
Default drop threshold is 1bps
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Recomendaciones
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Catalyst 2950
Global Uplinks to
Commands Access-Edges Distribution Layer
Trusted-Endpoint
Model
Global1P3Q1T AutoQoS—
Trust-DSCP
Queuing VoIP Model
IP Phone + PC +
Scavenger (Basic) Model
Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 77
Catalyst 2950
Application DSCP CoS
1P3Q1T
Network Control – CoS 7
CoS 5 Q4
Internetwork Control CS6 CoS 6
Priority Queue
Voice EF CoS 5
CoS 7
Interactive Video AF41 CoS 4
Streaming Video CS4 CoS 4 CoS 6
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Catalyst 2960/3560/3750
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WAN Edge QoS Design Considerations
QoS Requirements of WAN Aggregators
Campus
Distribution/
Queuing/Dropping/Shaping/
Core Switches Link-Efficiency Policies for
Campus-to-Branch Traffic
WAN Aggregator
WAN
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WAN Aggregation
Example Strategy for Expanding the Number of Classes of Service over Time
Voice Voice
Realtime Interactive-Video
Video Streaming Video
Call Signaling Call Signaling Call Signaling
IP Routing
Network Control
Network Management
Critical Data Mission-Critical Data
Critical Data
Transactional Data
Bulk Data Bulk Data
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11 class model
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11 class model (cont.)
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Branch Router QoS Design
QoS Requirements for Branch Routers
Branch Router
Branch
Switch
WAN
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MPLS VPN QoS Design
QoS Requirements in MPLS VPN Architectures
P Routers
CE Router
PE Router PE Router CE Router
MPLS VPN
PE-to-CE Queuing/Shaping/LFI Required
Optional
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Q&A
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At-a-glance
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk543/tk759/tech_whit
e_papers_list.html
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Muchas gracias
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