MATERIALS SCIENCE ECP

317/EIM 212
Dont come into my class 10 minutes after the
beginning of the lesson.
If you miss the test without prior
communication of your problem, then its an
automatic zero and dont waste time coming to
me.
Quizzes will not be communicated and your
absence without a valid reason means zero.
If you dont submit your practical write-up or
assignment in time, then for sure know that its
an automatic zero and dont waste time trying
the impossible. Chapter 2-
Lecturer Details
Name: Dr S.Fashu

Cell number:0778412537

Email:sfashu04@gmail.com

Chapter 2-
 CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Materials Science

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
1. History of Materials Science

2. Classification of Materials

3. Materials Selection and Design

4. Chemical Bonding

Chapter 2- 1
 Materials Science History
Materials closely connected our culture
The development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available
materials and their use
Early civilizations designated by level of materials development

Initially natural materials

Develop techniques to produce materials with superior qualities (heat treatments
and addition of other substances)
Chapter 2-
 Classification of Materials
Metals(Metallic bonding)
good conductors of
electricity and heat
lustrous appearance
susceptible to corrosion
strong, but deformable
Opaque, reflective
Composites
consist of more than one
material type
designed to display a
combination of properties of
each component
Ceramics(Ionic/covalent Polymers(Covalent/seco
Bonding) ndary Bonding)
thermally and very large molecules
electrically insulating low density, low
resistant to high weight
temperatures and maybe extremely
harsh environments flexible
hard, but brittle Electrical Insulators
Translucent or
transparent
Chapter 2-
The Materials Selection Process
Process

Chapter 2-
 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Material Science -> involves investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials
arrangement of internal
structure components
subatomic
atomic
microscopic
macroscopic (bulk)

characterization
processing properties
method of material characteristic
preparing material response to external
stimulus
mechanical, electrical,
performance thermal, magnetic,
behavior in a optical, deteriorative
particular application

Chapter 2-
Chapter 2-
 CHEMICALBONDING

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Atomic Structure

Primary Bonding

Properties inferred from bonding

Chapter 2- 1
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number 1
n=3 2

Nucleus=Protons + Neutrons=atomic mass

Proton and electron- charged 1.60 x10-19 C
Mass of electron- 9.11x10-31 kg
Mass of protons and neutrons- 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Atomic number: the number of protons/ number of
electrons of neutral species
Properties-mainly dependent on electrons, e.g. chemical,
electrical, thermal and optical

Chapter 2- 2
Chapter 2-
 THE PERIODIC TABLE
Columns: Similar Valence Structure

Adapted
from Fig. 2.6,
Callister 6e.

Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:

Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons
to become + ions. to become - ions.
Chapter 2- 6
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Larger electronegativity
Smaller electrongativity

Chapter 2- 7
 IONIC BONDING
Occurs between + and - ions.
Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl

Chapter 2- 8
Chapter 2-
 EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
H He
2.1 CaF2 -
Li Be O F Ne
1.0 1.5 CsCl 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9

Give up electrons Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
Chapter 2- 9
 COVALENT BONDING
Takes place between elements with small difference in
electronegativity
Requires shared electrons
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more

H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more

Electronegativities
are comparable.

Chapter 2- 10
 EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING
H2O

column IVA
H2 F2
C(diamond)
H He
2.1
SiC - Cl2
Li Be C O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 -
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga Ge As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr Sn I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 -
Cs Ba Pb At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is GaAs
adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright
1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

Molecules with nonmetals

Molecules with metals and nonmetals
Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
Compound solids (about column IVA) Chapter 2- 11
 METALLIC BONDING
Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).

Adapted from Fig. 2.11, Callister 6e.

Primary bond for metals and their alloys

Chapter 2- 12
SUMMARY: ATOM

Chapter 2-
 SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Character Comments
Ionic Electron transfer Nondirectional (ceramics)

Directional
Covalent Electron sharing semiconductors, ceramics
polymer chains)

Metallic Donated electrons Nondirectional (metals)

Chapter 2- 14