CHAPTER 1

MATTER
1ST HOUR
1.1 Definition and
classification

1.2 States of matter

 1.1 Definition and
classification ( 1 hour)

At the end of this topic, students should be able

to:
a) Define matter.
b) Classify matter into pure substances (elements and
compounds) and mixtures (homogeneous and
heterogeneous).

1.2 States of matter

At the end of this topic, students should be able
to:
a) Explain the general properties of matter in terms of
arrangement, shape, density and compressibility.
 Definition and
Classification
 Matter
Anything that occupies space and has
mass.
e.g. air, water, animals, trees, atoms, …..

 Matter may consist of atoms, molecules

or ions.
 Example
 Iron, sodium chloride and water
are made up of particles.

Substance Particles
Iron Atoms
Sodium Ions
Chloride Molecules
Water
Classification of
Matter
Is usually found in

Which can
be
sorted into

Which are usually

Which can be
Broken down
into
 Mixture
 A combination of two or more
substances.

a) Homogeneous Mixture – has no

visible boundaries among its
components.
E.g. soft drink, milk, sodium
chloride solution.
b) Heterogeneous Mixture – has one
or more visible boundaries among
its components.
E.g. cement, iron filings in sand.
 Physical means can be used
to separate a mixture into its
pure components.

magnet distillation
 Pure Substance
 A pure substance is matter that
has distinct properties and a
composition that does not vary
from sample to sample.

 Example: Water, sodium chloride

a) Compound

 A substance composed of atoms of two or more

elements chemically united in fixed proportions.

 Can only be separated into their pure components

(elements) by chemical means.

 E.g. Water (H2O), Glucose (C6H12 O6), Ammonia (NH3).

b) Element

 An element is a substance that

cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical means.

 Example: Gold (Au), Lead (Pb),

Aluminium (Al)
STATES OF MATTER
 States of Solid Liquid
matter Gas
Characteristi
c
Arrangement Close Further apart Very far
of particles packed and and not apart
orderly orderly

Shape Fixed Follow the None

shape of
container
Density High Moderate Very low
Compressibil None Almost High
ity impossible
CHAPTER 1

MATTER
2nd HOUR
1.3 Elements

1.4 Physical and chemical

changes
 1.3 Elements ( 1/2 hour)
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:
a) Define element.
b) Introduce the period and group of elements in
the periodic table.

1.2 States of matter ( 1/2 hour)

At the end of this topic, students should be

able to:
a) Describe the physical and chemical changes of
matter.
 ELEMENT
 A substance that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by any chemical means.

 Arranged in periodic table in order of

increasing proton number.

 115 elements have been identified.

 83 elements occur naturally on Earth.
e.g. Gold, aluminium, lead, oxygen,
carbon.

 32 elements have been created by

scientists e.g. Technetium, americium,
seaborgium.
 Noble Gas
3.1

Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
 Relationship between electronic
configuration and the position of
element in Periodic Table.

Example:
The electrons in argon are arranged in
the shell as follows:
X X

X X

X X
1st shell – 2 electrons
X
X
X X
X
X
2nd shell – 8 electrons
X X
3rd shell – 8 electrons
X X

X X
Example
Element Electronic Valence Group Period
Configuration electrons
16
8 O 2.6 6 10 + 6 = 2
23 16
11 Na
24 2.8.1 1 1 3
12 Mg 2.8.2 2 2 3
27
13 Al 2.8.3 3 10 + 3 = 3
35 13
17 Cl
2.8.7 7 10 + 7 = 3
40
18 Ar 17
39 2.8.8 8 10 + 8 = 3
19 K 18
2.8.8.1 1 1 4
 Physical and Chemical
Change
Physical Change

 An alteration of physical state of a substance

that does not change its chemical
composition.

 No new substances are formed when the

state of a substance changes.

 A change of state is interconvertible.

 During a change of state, the temperature

will always remain constant.
Change of states of Matter

Bo
g g ili n
ti n
el g Co
M
z in g n de
ee ns
Fr in

Sublimati
on
Depositi
on
 Chemical Change
 A formation of a new substance
through a chemical reaction.

Example:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl +
H2O
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium
Water
hydroxide acid chloride
 Exercise
Choose the correct scene for each of
following:
a) a substance cannot be broken into
simpler ones.
b) a homogeneous mixture.
c) a heterogeneous mixture.
d) a gas consisting of diatomic particles.

1 2 3 4
Exercise

Identify the following as

elements or compounds:
NH3, N2, NO, CO2, H2, SO2, P4, Fe
 QUESTION 1
Which substance is not an element?
A. Silicon
B. Peroxide
C. Sulphur
D. Diamond
 QUESTION 2
Look at the chemical symbols below.
Which not the element?

A. H2O
B. S8
C. O2
 QUESTION 3
In a change where a new substance is
made and the change is difficult to
reverse, is that is;

A. physical
B. melting
C. chemical
D. deposition
 QUESTION 4
When a new substance is made in a
chemical change, sign of this could
be:

A. melting or freezing of the substance

B. dissolving or filtration of a substance
C. a color change or bubbles
 QUESTION 5
An example of a chemical change or
reaction is

A. mixing salt in water

B. burning wood
C. defrosting frozen food
 NOTE :
Chemistry – The study of matter and the changes it
undergoes.

Chemical reaction – A process in which a substance is

changed into one or more new substances.

Chemical equation – An equation that uses chemical

symbols to show what happens during a chemical
reaction.

Chemical formula – An expression showing the

chemical composition of a compound in terms of the
symbols for the atoms of the elements involved.