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1
Voice Primer
Table of Contents
1. Understanding Traditional Telephony
2. Introducing Analog Circuits
3. Introducing Digital Circuits
4. Understanding Packetization
5. Introducing VoIP Signaling Protocols
6. Preparing the Network to Support Voice
7. Introducing Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express (CME)
8. Global Telephony Commands
9. Defining Ephone-dn and Ephone
10. Configuring CME to Support Endpoints
11. Dial Peers and Destination Patterns
2
1. Understanding Traditional
Telephony
3
Public Switched Telephony Network
Enterprise
Interoffice
Local Trunk CO
PBX
Loop Trunk
Telephone
CO CO Tie
Telephone
Switch Switch Trunk
PSTN
Enterprise
PBX
Telephone
4
Traditional Business Phone System
CO CO
Switch Switch
Local Local
Digital Loop Loop
Handsets Analog or
Tie Digital Handsets
Line
Customer
Telephone
5
What Is a PBX?
PBX
6
What Is a Key System?
Local
Key System Exchange
Termination
Blocks Trunks
Connector
Block
CO Line Cards
Station Cards
Station Cards
Intercom Cards Main Distribution Frame
Power Supply
7
Comparing Key Systems to PBXs
8
Signaling Types
9
Address Signaling
10
Signaling System 7
SS7
CO Switch CO Switch
SS7
Analog Digital or
Circuit CO CO Analog Trunk
Switch Switch
13
2. Introducing Analog Circuits
14
Components of an Analog Telephone
Receiver
Transmitter
Two-wire/four-wire hybrid
Dialer (DTMF or pulse)
Switch hook
Ringer
15
FXS Interface
FXS
FXS
FXS
FXO FXO
PSTN
18
3. Introducing Digital Circuits
19
Digitizing Analog Signals
20
Step 1Sample the Signal
Analog Waveform
Time
+ Segment 1
Segment 0
Segment 0
Each sample is 1/8000 of a Time
second apart
- Segment 1
mu-law
Segment 2
22
Digital Circuits Summary
23
4. Understanding Packetization
24
Digital Signal Processors
DSPs
Analog or
Digital IP Packets
PSTN IP
Analog or
Digital IP Packets
PSTN
Analog or
Digital IP Packets
PSTN IP
Speech IP Packets
IP
25
Digital Signal Processors (Cont.)
26
Real-Time Transport Protocol
Payload Sequence
Time Stamp Payload
Type Number
27
RTP Control Protocol
10010111 Sample 1
10010110 Sample 2
10010101 Sample 3
10010100 Sample 4
10010011 Sample 5
...
10110001
Sample 160
10010111 Sample 1
10010110 Sample 2
10010101 Sample 3
10010100 Sample 4
... Sample 160
10110001
DSP Compression
32
Some Additional DSP Functions
Conferencing
Transcoding between two different codecs
Echo cancellation
33
Understanding Packetization Summary
34
5. Introducing VoIP Signaling
Protocols
35
VoIP Signaling Protocols
Signaling generates and monitors the call control
information between two endpoints to:
Establish the connection
Monitor the connection
Release the connection
The signaling protocol must pass supervisory,
informational, and address signaling.
Signaling protocols can be peer-to-peer or client/server-
based.
Peer-to-peer allows the endpoints to contain intelligence to
place calls without assistance.
Client/server puts the endpoint under the control of a centralized
intelligence point.
36
VoIP Signaling Protocols Comparison
37
Voice Protocols Example
Voice Voice
Gateway 1 Gateway 2
VoIP ITSP
38
Introducing VoIP Signaling Protocols
Summary
40
Advantages of Voice VLANs
Phones segmented in
separate logical
networks
Provides network
segmentation and
control
Allows administrators
to create and
enforce QoS
Lets administrators
add and enforce
security policies
41
VLAN Operation
42
Voice VLANs
43
Voice VLANs (Cont.)
44
Configuring Voice VLANs
Console(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1
Console(config-if)#switchport access vlan 12
Console(config-if)#switchport mode access
Console(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 112
Console(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast
45
Verifying Voice VLAN Configuration
Name: Fa0/17
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative mode: static access
Operational Mode: static access
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: negotiate
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: native
Negotiation of Trunking: Off
Access Mode VLAN: 12 (VLAN0012)
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Voice VLAN: 112 (VLAN0112)
Trunking VLANs Enabled: ALL
Pruning VLANs Enabled: 2-1001
Appliance trust: none
46
DHCP Service
47
Phone Bootup
48
Phone Bootup (Cont.)
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#
dns-server primary-IP [secondary-IP]
Sets the DNS server or servers that are assigned to the DHCP
clients (optional)
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#
option 150 ip IP-address
Defines the TFTP option and what TFTP server to assign to the
clients
50
Configuring DHCP Example
CMERouter(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 10.112.0.1 10.112.0.10
CMERouter(config)#ip dhcp pool mypool
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#network 10.112.0.0 255.255.255.0
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 10.112.0.1
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.112.0.1
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#dns-server 10.100.0.1 10.100.0.2
CMERouter(dhcp-config)#exit
51
Network Time Protocol
52
Network Time Protocol (Cont.)
53
Configuring the Time
Router(config)#
clock timezone zone hours-offset
Router(config)#
clock summer-time zone recurring [start-date end-date]
Router(config)#
ntp server ip-address
54
Example of Router Set to PST with Daylight
Saving Time Enabled
NTP
Server
10.1.2.3
55
Preparing the Network to
Support Voice Summary
56
Summary (Cont.)
57
7. Introducing Cisco Unified
Communications Manager
Express (CME)
58
CME Key Features and Benefits
59
Supported Platforms
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
Express supports these Cisco platforms:
Cisco 2800 & 2900 Series
Integrated Services Routers
Cisco 3800 & 3900 Series
Integrated Services Routers
Cisco Unified Communications 500 Series
for Small Business
60
Examples of Cisco Unified IP Phones
Cisco Unified
Wireless IP Cisco Unified IP
Phone 7920 Phone 7962G
61
8. Global Telephony Commands
62
Global Telephony Commands
At a minimum, the router needs to know:
the maximum number of phones allowed
the maximum number of phone numbers to be assigned
the IP address the router uses to respond
The phones also need a default template file created.
Enters CME global config mode
telephony-service Optional command that prevents problems with
phones auto registering
no auto-reg-ephone
Mandatory commands which
max-dn 12 define max number of
extensions, and max number of
max-ephone 8 phones
64
Configuration for each phone
Ephone
Represents the physical IP phone
Must have a mac-address assigned before anything else.
Ephone-dn(s) can be tied to a phone using the button command. On
real equipment, more than one ephone-dn can be used on a phone.
66
Ephone and Ephone-dn Concepts
67
Ephone-dn Features
68
Configuring an Ephone-dn
CMERouter(config)#
ephone-dn dn-tag
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#
number dn-number
69
Basic Ephone-dn Configuration
One Virtual
Voice Port
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 7
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1001
Assigns a primary extension number to an ephone-dn
70
max-dn Command
71
max-dn Command (Cont.)
DN DN
DN DN
DN DN
CMERouter(config-telephony )#max-dn 10
DN DN
Attempts to create an
11th ephone-dn will fail. DN DN
72
Ephone Features
IP Phone 7960
An ephone is a software
Button 1 DN Button 4 DN
configuration of a physical phone.
Button 2 DN Button 5 DN
It is assigned a unique phone-tag.
Button 3 DN Button 6 DN
The physical device can be an IP
MAC 000F.2470.F92A
phone or an analog phone attached
to an ATA. IP Phone 7912
The MAC address of the IP phone or
Button 1 DN
ATA is used to tie the software
configuration to the hardware.
You can associate one or more MAC 000F.2470.F92B
ephone-dns with an ephone. Cisco ATA 188
Analog 1 DN
The number of line buttons varies
MAC 000F.2470.F92D
based on the model of phone.
Analog 2 DN
MAC 000F.2470.F92E
73
max-ephone Command
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
max-ephones max-ephones
74
max-ephone Command (Cont.)
CMERouter(config-telephony )#max-ephones 4
4
Attempts to create a
fifth ephone-dn will fail.
75
Configuring an Ephone
router(config-ephone)#mac-address mac-address
Associates the defined MAC address of the physical device with the
ephone
76
Configuring an Ephone (Cont.)
77
Some Button Separators
: Normal ring
b Beep but no ring
f Feature ring
s Silent ring
78
Example: Basic Ephone Configuration
MAC 000F.2470.F8F8
ephone 1
ephone-dn 7:
1001
One Virtual Port
Button 1
000F.2470.F8F8
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 7
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1001
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#exit
CMERouter(config)#ephone 1
CMERouter(config-ephone)#mac-address 000F.2470.F8F8
CMERouter(config-ephone)#button 1:7
79
Multiple Ephones
1004
1004
1005
1005
80
Example: Configuration for Multiple Ephones
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 10
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1004
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 11
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1005
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 12
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1006
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 13
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1007
CMERouter(config)#ephone 1
CMERouter(config-ephone)#mac-address 000F.2470.F8F1
CMERouter(config-ephone)#button 1:10
CMERouter(config)#ephone 2
CMERouter(config-ephone)#mac-address 000F.2470.A302
CMERouter(config-ephone)#button 1:11
CMERouter(config)#ephone 3
CMERouter(config-ephone)#mac-address 000F.2470.66F6
CMERouter(config-ephone)#button 1:12
CMERouter(config)#ephone 4
CMERouter(config-ephone)#mac-address 000F.2470.7B54
CMERouter(config-ephone)#button 1:13
81
Single-Line Ephone-dn
One Virtual
Voice Port
CMERouter(config)#ephone-dn 1
CMERouter(config-ephone-dn)#number 1001
82
Defining Ephone-dn
and Ephone Summary
83
10.Configuring CME to Support
Endpoints
84
Telephony Service Configuration
CMERouter(config)#
telephony-service
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
max-ephone maximum-ephones
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
max-dn maximum-directory-numbers
10.90.0.1
telephony-service
ip source-address 10.90.0.1 port 2000
86
Automatic Registration
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
auto-reg-ephone
10.90.0.1
telephony-service
ip source-address 10.90.0.1 port 2000
no auto-reg-ephone
87
Setup of Cisco Unified Communications Manager
Express from the CLI
tftp-server flash:CP7921G-1.0.3.LOADS
tftp-server flash:APPS-1.0.3.SBN
tftp-server flash:GUI-1.0.3.SBN
tftp-server flash:SYS-1.0.3.SBN
tftp-server flash:TNUX-1.0.3.SBN
tftp-server flash:TNUXR-1.0.3.SBN
tftp-server flash:WLAN-1.0.3.SBN telephony-service
telephony-service
load 7921 CP7921G-1.0.3
create cnf-files
max-ephones 10
max-dn 10
ip source-address 10.10.0.1 port 2000
dialplan-pattern 1 2095559... extension-length 4 extension-pattern 1...
See the Defining ephone-dn 1 dual-line
Ephone-dn and number 401
Ephone lesson ephone 1
for configuration mac-address 000F.2745.2AD8
information. button 1:1
88
IP Phone Firmware and XML Configuration
Files
89
Create XML Files
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
create cnf-files
Builds the specific XML files that are necessary for the IP phones
SEP000F2473AB14.cnf.xml
000F.2473.AB14
10.90.0.1
telephony-service
create cnf-files
90
Registration Flow Chart
Does Is
Phones XML Yes firmware
Yes The phone
file exist? registers
current?
No No
Use default Update Phone
XML file firmware Restarts
Auto Register
Yes Auto assign Yes using a DN
registration
configured? in the pool
enabled?
No No
Phone Register
Restarts without a DN
91
Device Configuration XML File
<device>
<devicePool>
<callManagerGroup>
<members>
<member priority="0">
<callManager>
<ports>
SEPAAAABBBBCCCC.cnf.xml* <ethernetPhonePort>2000</ethernetPhonePort>
</ports>
<processNodeName>10.15.0.1</processNodeName>
</callManager>
</member>
</members>
</callManagerGroup>
</devicePool>
<versionStamp>{Jan 01 2002 00:00:00}</versionStamp>
<loadInformation>P0030702T023</loadInformation>
- <userLocale>
<name>English_United_States</name>
<langCode>en</langCode>
</userLocale>
<networkLocale>United_States</networkLocale>
<idleTimeout>0</idleTimeout>
*AAAABBBBCCCC = the <authenticationURL />
MAC address <directoryURL>http://10.15.0.1/localdirectory</directoryURL>
<idleURL />
<informationURL />
<messagesURL />
<proxyServerURL />
<servicesURL />
</device> 92
Default XML File
<Default>
<callManagerGroup>
<members>
<member priority="0">
XMLDefault.cnf.xml <callManager>
<ports>
<ethernetPhonePort>2000</ethernetPhonePort>
</ports>
<processNodeName>10.15.0.1</processNodeName>
</callManager>
</member>
</members>
</callManagerGroup>
<loadInformation6 model="IP Phone 7910">P00403020214</loadInformation6>
<loadInformation124 model="Addon 7914"></loadInformation124>
<loadInformation9 model="IP Phone 7935"></loadInformation9>
<loadInformation8 model="IP Phone 7940">P00303020214</loadInformation8>
<loadInformation7 model="IP Phone 7960">P00303020214</loadInformation7>
<loadInformation20000 model="IP Phone 7905"></loadInformation20000>
<loadInformation30008 model="IP Phone 7902"></loadInformation30008>
<loadInformation30002 model="IP Phone 7920"></loadInformation30002>
<loadInformation30019 model="IP Phone 7936"></loadInformation30019>
<loadInformation30007 model="IP Phone 7912"></loadInformation30007>
</Default>
93
Automated Deployment of Endpoints
94
auto assign Command
CMERouter(config-telephony)#
auto assign start-dn to stop-dn [type phone-type]
95
Example: auto assign Command
CMERouter1#show running-config
telephony-service
max-ephones 10
max-dn 10
ip source-address 10.90.0.1 port 2000
auto assign 1 to 10
create cnf-files
!
ephone-dn 1
number 9000
!
ephone 1
mac-address 000F.2470.F8F8
button 1:1
97
11.Dial Peers and Destination
Patterns
98
Gateways
Translate between
different networks
Require DSP resources
to perform the translation
Can be analog gateways:
Analog station gateways
Analog trunk gateways
Can be digital gateways
99
Gateway FunctionExample on Cisco Unified
Communications Manager Express
Digital
Gateway
T1
PSTN
FXO
Analog
Gateway
100
Voice Ports
Analog ports
FXS
FXO
Digital ports
CAS T1/E1
PRI T1/E1
BRI
101
Call Legs
VoIP PSTN
FXS
1/0/1 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2
102
Dial Peers
Dial peers are an addressable call endpoint.
They establish logical connections, or call legs, to complete an
end-to-end call.
You can use dial peers inbound, outbound, or both.
Dial peers define the properties of the call leg:
Codec
QoS markings
VAD
Fax rate
Cisco voice-enabled routers typically use two types of dial peers:
POTS dial peersconnect to a traditional telephony network
such as FXO, FXS, E&M, BRI, PRI T1/E1, and CAS T1/E1
VoIP dial peersconnect over an IP network using an IP
address
103
Dial Peers (Cont.)
IP Network
POTS VoIP
104
POTS Dial Peers
1234
FXS 1/0/1
105
Destination Pattern Options
106
VoIP Dial Peers (not supported in PT)
VoIP
FXS 1/0/1 FXS 1/1/1
10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2
108
Matching Outbound Dial Peers
Destination pattern is matched based on longest number match.
110
Internet Telephony Service Providers (Cont.)
Enterprise Network
ITSP
Network
VoIP Dial
Peer
VoIP PSTN
111
Dial Peers and Destination Patterns Summary
113
Acknowledgements
114
Thank you
115