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8
Bonding,
I want youtheto
way atoms
meet are attracted
a friend to
of mine?
each other to form molecules,
determines nearly all of the chemical
properties we see. And, as we shall see,
the number 8 is very important to
chemical bonding.
Additional slides By Paul Surko, New Dimensions High School,Poinciana, FL
What are Molecules?
Molecules are a combination
of atoms bonded together.
Bonding determines the
chemical properties of the
molecule (compound).
Ionic Bonding-Being Like the Noble Gases
All atoms want to have the same number of electrons as the
Noble Gases. The Noble Gases have very stable electron
configurations. In order to achieve the same electron
configuration as the Noble Gases metal atoms will give up
electrons to form positive ions (cations) and non-metal atoms
will receive or take additional electrons to become negative
ions (anions). IONS are charged particles.
Li Be B C
N O F Ne
Rules for drawing Lewis structures:
Determine the type and number of atoms in the molecule.
Write the electron-dot notation for each type of atom in the
molecule.
Determine the number of total number of valence electrons
available.
Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton structure for the molecule. If
carbon is present, it is usually the central atom. Otherwise, the
least-electronegative atom is central (except for H and F which
always occupy terminal positions). Then connect the atoms by
electron-pair bonds. (single bond ( [sigma] bond where the electron
density is concentrated along the internuclear axis; i.e. it is the first
bond formed between two atoms*)
Add unshared pairs of electrons so that each atom completes its
octet, except H, of course.
Count the electrons in the structure to be sure that the number of
valence electrons equals the number available.
*A [pi] bond is where electron density is concentrated above and
below the line joining the bonded atoms; in other words it is any
double and/or triple bond. pp.185-186 in textbook
Octet Rule: chemical compounds tend to form
so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing
electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest
occupied energy level. (i.e. like a noble gas). This
involves electrons in the s and p subshells.
HF
CH2O
O2
N2 HCN
Polyatomic ions (a charged
group of covalently bonded
atoms) and coordinate
covalent bonds (bonds
where both bonding electrons
come from one atom)
NH3 + HCl NH4 + Cl
+ -
+ +
Let's Try it!
O
1.S OCO Carbonate CO3-2
3 x 8 = 24 for Oxygen
2.N 1 x 8 = 8 for Carbon
24+8=32 needed electrons 32 N
3 x 6 = 18 for Oxygen - 24 H
3.H
1 x 4= 4 for Carbon - 8B
You have 22 + 2 more available e-'s
16 NB
4.B 32 - 24 = 8 bonding electrons
O
..
5.NB 24 8 = 16 non-bonding O::C:O
electrons ..
..
6.E :O: -2 .. :O:
.. ..
.. .. .. O::C: O:
O::C:
O:
Resonance structures:
Structures used to represent molecules or ions
that cannot be correctly represented by one
Lewis structure. The real molecule, or ion, is
actually an average of the different Lewis
structures that are possible for the molecule or
ion.
Examples: SO3
[1]
[1] http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/chemistry/Inorganicchemistry/Informationbonding/bondingindex/Resonance/SO3.gif
NO2 -
O::C::O H
CO2 Carbon Dioxide is a linear molecule. It has no lone
pairs of electrons from the Lewis structure. The two
oxygen atoms pull equally and make it a non-polar
molecule.
Polarity refers to unequal distribution
of charge/electrons
Electronegativity Percentage Classification
difference ionic of bond
character
0.0-0.3 0-5% Nonpolar
covalent
0.3-1.7 5-50% Polar
covalent
More than 1.7 50- Ionic
100%*
*This percentage may vary; the higher the percentage, the more
ionic in character the bond is.
The polarity of molecules is designated in drawings with
a - (for a partial negative charge) or + (for a partial
positive charge).
Property Ionic Molecular Metallic
(those with
covalent
bonds)
Typical Crystal lattice Gases, Solid (one
physical solid liquids, and liquid Hg);
state low m.p. shiny
solids appearance
Melting High with Low Variable
point and large variation
boiling between the
point two
Texture Brittle, easily Soft, waxy Ductile and
broken/sharp consistency malleable
edges
Property Ionic Molecular Metallic
(those with
covalent
bonds)
Electrical Solid phase No High
conductivity no electrical
Molten or and thermal
aqueous conductivity
phase - yes
Basic unit Formula Molecule Electron
unit sea
delocalized
electrons
Elements Metals and Usually Non- Metals only
involved non-metals metals
Ions will form a crystal lattice
structure (an orderly arrangement
of ions that minimizes their
potential energy.
# Lone
Pairs
#
Bonds
Bond
Angle
Name
Using Lewis structures,
0 2 180 Linear balloons and
0 3 120 Trigonal protractors, fill out the
Planar
0 4 109.5 Tetrahedral table with bond angles
1 3 <109.5
Trigonal
pyramidal
for the following
2 2 <109.5 Bent compounds:
Trigonal Planar
Trigonal
Pyramidal
Trigonal
Bent Bipyramidal
Examples of hybridization
BeF2 sp hybrid orbital, 180 bond angle,
bond lengths equal, linear shape
2p
sp
2s
1s
2p
sp2
2s
1s
2p
sp3
2s
1s
Oxygen nitrogen
SF6, 90 bond angle, identical bond lengths, and
octahedral shape.
3d
sp3d2
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Intermolecular forces: Forces of
attraction between molecules.
Covalent network
solids are solids where
atoms are connected
only by covalent bonds.
These solids are
typically brittle,
nonconductors of heat
or electricity, and
extremely hard.
Examples are quartz
and diamond.
Ion-dipole
forces exist
between an ion
and the partial
charge on the end
of a polar
molecule. Ex.
[1]
http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/iondip.gif
NaCl in water.
Dipole-dipole forces:
forces of attraction
between polar molecules.
Hydrogen bonding: the
intermolecular force in which
a hydrogen atom that is
bonded to a highly
electronegative atom
(typically O, N, or F) is
attracted to an unshared pair
of electrons of an
electronegative atom in a
nearby molecule. This
accounts for relatively high
boiling points of substances
in which these bonds exist.
(i.e. H2O)
[1] http://academics.vmi.edu/chem_jt/CH131/interm9.gif
London dispersion forces (Fritz
London 1930): instantaneous
dipoles. Exist in all molecules,
only ones among noble-gases and
nonpolar molecules. Strength
increases with increasing mass.[1]
[1]
http://osulibrary.oregonstate.ed
u/specialcollections/coll/nonsp
coll/catalogue/portrait-london-
150w.jpg (Fritz London, 1928)
chemphys.gcsu.edu
Van der Waals
forces (Johannes
van der Waals
1837 - 1923):
inclusive name for
dipole-dipole forces,
London dispersion
forces, and
hydrogen-bonding
forces. Nobel Prize [1] http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3068/2553691748_4df2900125.jpg
Physics 1910.
Metallic solids
Electron sea model
High electrical and thermal
conductivity
Great variation in mp
(higher + charge higher
mp)
Malleable and ductile
Metallic bonding animation
http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=XHV9LzCH2KA
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/chemical-
bonding/electron-sea-model.gif