Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(CPB 30303)
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. NURSYAZWANI BT ROSLI
2. NUR SYAFIIQAH BT ABDUL RAHIM
3. NURUL IFFA ASMA BINTI MOHD SUKRI
4. NUR AMIRA BT MANSOR
5. NURUL NAZIHAH BT ARMAN
Process to remove color, oxidizing bodies and
pigments
LIST OF
ADSORBENT
Silica
Bleaching earth
Activated carbon
ADSORBATE
GASES LIQUID
Langmuir Freundlich
Isotherm isotherm
Process
happens at Bleaching of
uniform palm oil
surface
Equation for Freundlich isotherm
Where;
x is the amount of pigment
adsorbed,
m is the amount of adsorbent,
c is the amount of residual
pigment still in solution
(K and n are constants related to adsorptive
properties of the bleaching clay).
SELECTION OF BLEACHING PROCESS &
ADSORBENT
Depends on;
1) PRETREATMENT
2) DESIRED QUALITY OF PRODUCT
3) FILTRATION SPEED
4) OIL RETENTION BY ADSORBENT
Can be 50 wt % on bleaching earth
Can be 100 wt % on charcoal
5) CONDITION OF THE BLEACHING PROCESS
(OPTIMUM)
Lower concentration of gum (0.5-1.0 %) used activated
Possibility oxidize oil
Temp: 100C
Pressure: vacuum
Limited Oxygen
BLEACHING AGENTS
( ADSORBENTS)
There are four basic kinds of Adsorbents Used in the edible
oil bleaching process;
ACTIVATED CARBON
BLEACHING
EARTH
ACTIVATED
NATURAL
Montmorillonite clay is
added to some dog and cat
foods as an anti-caking
agent .They may provide
some resistance to
environmental toxins.
NATURAL
Molecular lattice structure, macropore structure, and
particle size all affect the capacity of earths to adsorb
water, oil, phosphatides, soap, color bodies, and metals.
The better natural earths can absorb 15% of their own
weight in pigments and other impurities, but also retain
about 30% neutral oil.
The natural earths do not elevate the free fatty acid
content nor isomerize unsaturated fatty acid groups;
However, for dark or difficult to adsorb pigments or
impurities, prohibitive levels of the natural earths are
required, which make the activated materials more
attractive.
Bentonite clays contains a high proportion of montmorillonite. (hydrous
aluminum silicate)
Considerable capacity for exchanging part of the aluminum for magnesium, alkalis,
and other bases.
Used for activated clay products have a poor natural bleaching activity.
Treatment, washing, drying, and milling alter the bleaching medias degree
of acidity, adsorption capabilities, and particle size distribution
Efficient bleaching
earth
Batch atmospheric
Batch vacuum
Continuous vacuum
ATMOSPHERIC BATCH
The process is carried out into open-
top tanks equipped with steam coils, or
a steam jacket, and a paddle agitator.
The oil introduced into the tank is
preheated at 70C (160F).
Bleaching earth is added from the top
of the tank and slurried with the oil
under gentle agitation.
The mixture is heated to the bleaching
temperature and after a short contact
time, the bleached oil is filtered.
VACUUM BATCH
Bleaching earth is added to an agitated
slurry tank containing a small portion
of the refined oil at 160F (71C).
The oil enter Bleaching Heater enter Absorbent Mix Tank [oil
mixed with a special soap and gum attracting adsorbent (silica)]
This first filtration results in a press effect that starts the bleaching
process (Pre-Bleaching) before fresh earth has been added.
The filtered oil is further heated in the Bleaching Heater enter the
Bleacher (mixed with bleaching earth). The earth adsorbs pro-
oxidants, color bodies and other residual impurities.
BLEACHING PROCESS
The bleached and filtered oil is sent to intermediate storage via one of
the alternating Polish Filters and, typically, an economizer located
upstream in degumming or neutralizing.
The bleached and filtered oil is sent to intermediate storage via one of
the alternating Polish Filters and, typically, an economizer located
upstream in degumming or neutralizing.
BLEACHING IMAGE
BEFORE AFTER