Basic Physics

Introduction

1. What is Physics?

2. Give a few relations between physics

and daily living experience

3. Review of measurement and units SI,

METRIC, ENGLISH
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Scalar is a quantity which only signifies its
magnitude without its direction. (+ / - )
Ex. 1kg of apple, 273 degrees
centigrade, etc.

Vector is a quantity with magnitude and

direction. (+ / - )
Ex. Velocity of a moving object a car
with a velocity of 100 km/hr due to North
West, etc.
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Writing conformity
F Bold font

F Italic font signifying its magnitude

F Normal Font with an arrow

head on top of it (Use this)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
1. Cartesian Vector

Ex. F = 59i + 59j + 29k N

the magnitude is F = (592 + 592 + 292)

F = 88.33 N

Due to which is the vector ??

VECTOR AND SCALAR
Z(k)

F = 59i + 59j + 29k N

O
Y(j)

X (i)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
2. Unit Vector

Ex. F = F u (use the previous example)

F
u =
F

F for magnitude (F2 = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2)

u for direction (dimensionless and unity)

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Magnitude F = (592 + 592 + 292)
F = 88.33 N

u = 59i + 59j + 29k

Direction
88.33

u = 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k

= cos-1 0.67 = 47.9 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0.67 = 47.9 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.33 = 70.7 0 (angle from z-axis)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Z (k)
F = 88.33 N
U
U = 0.67i + 0.67j + 0.33k
F
= 47.9 0

= 47.9 0
O
Y (j)

= 70.7 0

X (i)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Defining a Vector by:
3. Position Vector
Similar to unit vector, it differs on how to
locate the vectors direction which is
using the point coordinate.

Ex. F = F u (see next example)

r (position vector)
u= r (position vector magnitude)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Z (k)
Given:
A
F = 150 N
Required: F
a. F ? 6m
b. , , ? O
Y (j)

2m
4m
X (i)

U
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:
F=F u

u = r
r
2i + 4j + 6k
=
7.48
u = 0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:
a. F = F u
= 150 (0.27i + 0.53j +0.80k)
F = 40.5i + 79.5j + 120k
b. = cos-1 0.27 = 74.3 0 (angle from x-axis)
= cos-1 0.53 = 58.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.80 = 36.9 0 (angle from z-axis)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Operations of Vector
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Dot Product
4. Cross Product
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
1. Addition

F2
R

O
F1
Ry
R = F1 + F2 = Tan -1

Rx

R = (F1x + F2x) i + (F1y + F2y) j + (F1z+F2z) k

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
1. Addition

F2
R
Resultant is directed
from initial tail towards

O final arrow head
F1
Ry
R = F1 + F2 = Tan -1

Rx

R = (F1x + F2x) i + (F1y + F2y) j + (F1z+F2z) k

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
2. Subtraction
F1
O

F2
R

Ry
R = F1 - F2 = Tan -1

Rx

R = (F1x - F2x) i + (F1y - F2y) j + (F1z - F2z) k

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
2. Subtraction
F1 Ry
O = Tan -1

Rx
F2
R
Take note and watch
out !!!
(the sense is
opposite to the given
R = F1 - F2
diagram)

R = (F1x - F2x) i + (F1y - F2y) j + (F1z - F2z) k

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
3. Dot Product
Z (k)

F
F

X (i)
d
Y (j)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR

A . B = AB cos (General Formula)

Vector
Magnitude The angle between
vectors (between their
tails)
Cartesian Unit vector dot product
i.i=1 j.j=1 k.k=1

i.j=0 i.k=0 k.j=0

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
From Example:
F.d = Fd cos (Using Vectors magnitude)

= (Fxi + Fyj + Fzk) . (dxi + dyj + dzk)

= Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz (Using Component Vector)

The dot product of two vectors is called scalar product

since the result is a scalar and not a vector
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
The dot product is used to determine:
1. The angle between the tails of the vectors.
A.B
= cos -1

AB
2. The projected component of a vector V onto an axis
defined by its unit vector u
 he
t
to
e
o m
l c
e
W g le
n
Ju
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Example:
Given : Figure 1
Z (k)

Required:
A
O 1.
Y (j)
C
2. FBA (Magnitude)
X (i)
F = 100
N B
Fig.1
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :
1. Angle
Find position vectors from B to A and B to C
rBA = -200i 200j + 100k
r BC = -0i 300j + 100k = 300j + 100k

rBA . rBC 0 + 60000 + 10000 70000

cos = r r = = = 0.738
BA BC (300)(316.23) 94869

= Cos -1 0.738 = 42.45 o (answer)

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :
2. FBA
rBA -200i 200j + 100k
uBA = r = = -0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k
BA 300
rBC -0i 300j + 100k
uBC = r = = 0.949j + 0.316k
BC 316.2

FBC = FBC . uBC = 100 . ( 0.949j + 0.316k) = -94.9j + 31.6k

FBA = FBC . uBA = (-94.9i + 31.6j) . (-0.667i 0.667j + 0.33k)

= 63.3 + 10.5 = 73.8 N (answer)

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution :
Alternative Solution
FBA = (100 N) (cos 42.45o)
= 73.79 N

FBA = FBA uBA = 73.79 (-0.667i - 0.667j + 0.33k)

= -49.2i 49.2j + 24.35k
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
4. Cross Product
Z (k)

O
A Y (j)

X (i)

B
F
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
A = B x C A is equal to B cross C

Apply the right hand rule

i ixj=k j x i = -k ixi=0
-
jxk=i k x j = -i jxj=0
j + k kxi=j i x k = -j kxk=0
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Right Hand Rule
 VECTOR AND SCALAR

Right Hand Rule

. (answer for
yourself)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
A = B x C
= (Bx i + By j + Bz k) x (Cx i + Cy j + Cz k)

i j k i j k i j
= =
Bx By Bz Bx By Bz Bx By
Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy
- +

A = (By Cz Bz Cy)i + (Bz Cy Bx Cz)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

= (By Cz Bz Cy)i (Bx Cz Bz Cx)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Full caution
for the +/- sign
A = B x C
and
= (Bx i + By j + Bz k) x (Cx i + Cy j + Cz k) subscripts

i j k i j k i j
= =
Bx By Bz Bx By Bz Bx By
Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy
- +

A = (By Cz Bz Cy)i + (Bz Cy Bx Cz)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

= (By Cz Bz Cy)i (Bx Cz Bz Cx)j + (Bx Cy By Cx)z

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Example:
Given : Figure 2
Z (k)
Required :
O
A Y (j) 1. Mo (Moment at
Mo point O)

X (i)
2. My (Moment
about y axis)

B
F = 100N
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Solution:
Finding the vectors needed
F =F u

= 100 ( 400i 250j 200k

(400 + 250 + 200 )
2 2 2
)
F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k

OA = 400j

OB = 400i + 150j 200k

 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Z (k)

O
400j
A Y (j)
Mo
400i + 150j 200k

X (i)

B
F = 78.07i 48.79j 39.04k
F = 100 N
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Mo = OA x F
i j k
= 0 400 0
78.07 -48.79 -39.04

Mo = -15616i 31228k N.mm

Mo = 34914.86 N.mm

= cos-1 (-0.447) = 116.55 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0 = 90.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.894 = 26.57 0 (angle from z-axis)
 VECTOR AND SCALAR
Mo = OB x F
i j k
= 400 150 -200
78.07 -48.79 -39.04

Mo = -15616i 31228k N.mm

Mo = 34914.86 N.mm

= cos-1 (-0.447) = 116.55 0 (angle from x-axis)

= cos-1 0 = 90.0 0 (angle from y-axis)
= cos-1 0.894 = 26.57 0 (angle from z-axis)