Thermodynamics

Temperature, Heat, Work

Heat Engines

Reporter: Ms. Angelyn M. Omas-as

MSGENSCI ED 1
 Objectives

Explain why machines are never 100

percent efficient
Explain how heat transfer and energy
transformation make heat engines like
geothermal plants work
Terms used:
Thermodynamics means moving or
evolving heat
System object or collection of objects under
study
Internal energy - the sum kinetic energies of
the molecules of a body and the potential
energy due to intermolecular forces.
 Surroundings everythings else around
the system
Universe constitute the system and its
surroundings
Reversible process one in which the
system and its surroundings can be
returned to their initial state before the
process occur.
Irreversible process the opposite of
reversible
 Introduction

In mechanics we deal with quantities such

as mass, position, velocity, acceleration,
energy, momentum, etc.
Question: What happens to the energy of
a ball when we drop it on the floor?
Answer: It goes into heat energy.
Question: What is heat energy?
 Heat Energy

Thermal energy or simply heat

A form of energy which transfers among
particles in a substance (or system) by
means of kinetic energy of those particles.
Heat transferred is represented by the
symbol Q
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

 First Law of Thermodynamics

Conservation of energy
When heat is added into a system it can
either 1) change the internal energy of the
system (i.e. make it hotter) or 2) go into
doing work.
Q=W +U.
Note: For our purposes, Internal Energy is the part
of the energy that depends on Temperature.
 Heat is positive (+) when added to
the system and negative (-) when
removed from the system
Work is positive (+) if done by
system and negative (-) if done on
system.
 Sample problem

The internal energy of a system decreases

by 700 J when it absorbs 2000 J of heat.
How much work is done during the process?
Is the work done by the system or on the
system?
Given:

U = -700 J
H = +2000 J
Using the formula of first law of
thermodynamics
H= U+W
+2000 J = -700 J + W
W = +2700 J
Since W is +, it is the system that does the
work.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin-Planck Statement
Clausius Statement
Clausius Statement of the Second Law
of Thermodynamics
(applies to refrigerators)

It is impossible to construct a device that -

operating in a cycle - will produce no other
effect than heat transfer from a colder body
to hotter body.
OrHeat cannot flow from a cold body to a hotter body
by itself. Work has to be done in the process.
Order and Disorder
Entropy Statement
Change in Entropy at constant temperature

 Sample Problem

 Heat Engines

If we can create an engine that

operates in a cycle, we return to our
starting point each time and therefore
have the same internal energy. Thus,
for a complete cycle
Q=W
 Heat Engine

A heat engine is a device that absorbs heat (Q) and uses it

to do useful work (W) on the surroundings when operating
in a cycle.
Sources of heat include the combustion of coal, petroleum
or carbohydrates and nuclear reactions.
Working substance: the matter inside the heat engine
that undergoes addition or rejection of heat and that does
work on the surroundings. Examples include air and water
vapour (steam).
In a cycle, the working substance is in the same
thermodynamic state at the end as at the start.
Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)

Q1

E W

Q2

Cold
ColdBody
Body
(absorbs
(absorbsheat)
heat)
Model Heat Engine

Qhot= W+Qcold
or
Qhot-Qcold=W

(what goes in must

come out)
Example of a Heat Engine
Steam Engines
A Steam Engine

Boiler

valve

Pump Cylinder piston

Condenser
Nuclear Power Plant: A Very Large Heat Engine
 Efficiency

We want to write an expression that

describes how well our heat engine works.
Qhot=energy that you pay for.
W=work done (what you want.)
Qcold= Waste energy (money).

Efficiency = e = W/Qhot
 If we had a perfect engine, all of the input heat
would be converted into work and the efficiency
would be 1.
The worst possible engine is one that does no
work and the efficiency would be zero.
Real engines are between 0 and 1

W Qhot Qcold Qcold

e 1
Qhot Qhot Qhot
 Newcomen Engine
(First real steam engine)

e=0.005
 Example Calculation

In every cycle, a heat engine absorbs

1000 J from a hot reservoir at 600K, does
400 J of work and expels 600 J into a cold
reservoir at 300K. Calculate the efficiency
of the engine.
e= 400J/1000J=0.4
This is actually a pretty good engine.
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
(What can actually happen)
Heat does not voluntarily flow from cold to
hot.
OR
All heat engines have e<1. (Not all heat
can be converted into work.)
 Carnot Engine
The very best theoretically possible heat
engine is the Carnot engine.
The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends
on the temperature of the hot and cold
reservoirs.
Tcold
eCarnot 1
Thot
Note : The temperatu res must
be measured in Kelvins! !!
Carnot Cycle
Hot Reservoir
T1
Q1

C W

Q2

Cold Reservoir
T2
 Carnot Cycle
Pressure

Q1
P=
nRT1
V
b
T1
Q=0
Q=0 const .
P=
V
nRT2 d
P=
V Q2 c T2
Volume
 Whats Special about a Carnot Cycle?

(1) Heat is transferred to/from only two reservoirs at fixed

temperatures, T1 and T2 - not at a variety of temperatures.
(2) Heat transfer is the most efficient possible because the
temperature of the working substance equals the temperature
of the reservoirs. No heat is wasted in flowing from hot to cold.
(3) The cycle uses an adiabatic process to raise and lower the
temperature of the working substance. No heat is wasted in
heating up the working substance.
(4) Carnot cycles are reversible. Not all cycles are!
(5) The Carnot theorem states that the Carnot cycle (or any reversible cycle) is the
most efficient cycle possible. The Carnot cycle defines an upper limit to the
efficiency of a cycle.

Recall that for any cycle, the efficiency of a heat engine is given as:

W Q2
E = = 1
Q1 Q1
For an engine using a Carnot cycle, the efficiency is also equal to:

T2
C = 1
T1
Where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs,
respectively, in degrees Kelvin.
As T2 > 0, c is always <1.
 Example Calculation Part II

In every cycle, a heat engine absorbs

1000 J from a hot reservoir at 600K, does
400 J of work and expels 600 J into a cold
reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the
efficiency of the best possible engine.
e= 1-300/600 =0.5
Recall that the actual engine has e=0.4.
 Why machines are never 100
percent efficient?
Answer:

Any mechanical action will waste

energy as heat, therefore the work
output is always less than the
energy input.