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Element Methods
T T
A AQ CA
x x t
d dT
A AQ 0
dx dx
Thermal Convection
q h(Ts T )
= 1000 C
+ = 0
A B
Weak Formulation of 1-D Heat Conduction
(Steady State Analysis)
Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction -----
d dT ( x )
( x ) A( x ) AQ ( x ) 0 0<x<L
dx dx
x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2
T T
f1 ( x) A , f 2 ( x) A
x 1 x 2
2
2
=0
1 1
Formulation for 1-D Linear Element
0 T j A dx i AQ dx i ( x2 ) f 2 i ( x1 ) f1
j 1 x1 dx dx x1
2
KijT j Qi i ( x2 ) f 2 i ( x1 ) f1
j 1
f1 Q1 K11 K12 T1
f 2 Q2 K12 K 22 T2
di d j
x2 x2
dT dT
where Kij A dx, Qi i AQ dx, f1 A , f2 A
x1 dx dx x1
dx x1 dx x2
Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element
T1 AQ(x) T2
x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2
f1 Q1 A 1 1 T1
f 2 Q2 L 1 1 T2
x2
dT dT
where Qi i AQ dx, f1 A , f2 A
x1
dx x x1 dx x x2
1-D Heat Conduction Example 1
A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure below.
The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air temperature is 50oC
with a convection coefficient of h = 10 W(m2.K). Find the temperature along
the composite wall.
1 70W m K , 2 40W m K , 3 20W m K
t1 2cm, t2 2.5cm, t3 4cm
1 2 3
T 50o C
Assembled system:
T0 200 C
o
3500 3500 0 0 1 1
3500 5100 1600 0 2
t1 t2 t3 = 2
0 1600 2100 500 3 3
x 0 0 500 500 4 4
Condensed system:
5100 1600 0 2 3500 200
1600 2100 500 3 = 0
0 500 500 4 104 + 500
1-D Heat Conduction Example 1
A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure below.
The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air temperature is 50oC
with a convection coefficient of h = 10 W(m2.K). Find the temperature along
the composite wall.
1 70W m K , 2 40W m K , 3 20W m K
t1 2cm, t2 2.5cm, t3 4cm
1 2 3
T 50o C
Solutions:
T0 200 C
o
2 199.58 C
3 = 198.67 C
t1 t2 t3 4 195.76 C
x
1 = 1457.6 W 4 = 1457.6 W
2 1
For each element: = + 1
For material 1: = 21 + 200
For material 2: = 36.4 0.02 + 199.58
For material 3: = 72.75 0.045 + 198.67
Thermal Conduction and
Convection- Fin
Objective: to enhance heat transfer
d dT
c A AcQ 0
dx dx
w t
2h(T T ) dx w 2h(T T ) dx t 2h(T T ) w t
Qloss
Ac dx Ac
x
dx
d dT
Ac Ph T T AcQ 0
dx dx
where P 2w t Ac w t
Fin - Weak Formulation
(Steady State Analysis)
Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction -----
d dT ( x )
( x ) A( x ) Ph T T AQ 0 0<x<L
dx dx
0 Tj A i j
i j dx i AQ PhT dx
Ph
j 1 x1 dx dx x1
i ( x2 ) f 2 i ( x1 ) f1
2
KijT j Qi i ( x2 ) f 2 i ( x1 ) f1
j 1
f1 Q1 K11 K12 T1
f 2 Q2 K12 K 22 T2
di d j
x2 x2
dT dT
f1 A , f2 A
dx x x1 dx x x2
Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element
T1 T2
x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2
f1 Q1 A 1 1 PhL 2 1 T1
f 2 Q2 L 1 1 6 1 2 T2
x2
dT dT
where Qi i AQ PhT dx, f1 A , f2 A
x1
dx x x1 dx x x2
1-D Heat Conduction Example 2
A metallic fin extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235oC. Determine
The temperature distribution and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air
At 20oC .
360W m oC , h 9W m 2 oC
T 20o C l 10cm, t 0.1cm, w 1m
Element equation:
360103 1 1 2.00293.3102 2 1 1 1 1
+ = +
3.3102 1 1 6 1 2 2 2 2
= = = 6.006
2
1 1 2 1 1 1 6.006
10.8 + 0.1001 = +
1 1 1 2 2 2 6.006
1-D Heat Conduction Example 2
A metallic fin extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235oC. Determine
The temperature distribution and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air
At 20oC .
T 20o C 360W m oC , h 9W m 2 oC
l 10cm, t 0.1cm, w 1m
T0 235o C t
l
Assembled system:
x
1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 1
2
10.8 1 2 1 0 + 0.1001 1 4 1 0 = 2 + 6.006 2
0 1 2 1 0 1 4 1 3 3 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 4 4 1
T0 235o C t
l Solutions:
x
2 209.8 C
3 = 195.2 C
4 190.5 C