CT VT

ABB Power Technology
1_114Q07- 1 -
Application
Instrument
Transformers
Application
Why Instrument Transformers?

Transform high currents and
voltages to levels suitable for
instruments and relays.
Standardised secondary currents
and voltages
Ex. 1 or 5 A, 100 or 110 V
Insulate secondary circuits from
primary net.
The instrument transformer
must, at every moment be able to
correctly sense and transmit the
currents and voltages of the
network!
1_114Q07- 2 -
Application
Two line bays Example of an 132/20 kV S/S
Single
132 kV
busbar
Two transformer bays

132/20 kV
1_114Q07- 3 -
Application
Protection system - General purpose
Detect all electrical faults and

some abnormal operating
conditions.
Protect human beings and
properties around the power
network.
Protect apparatus, power lines
etc from unnecessary damage.
Disconnect minimum possible
part of the power network.
Restore normal operation

1_114Q07- 4 -
Application
Protection system
Fault
analysing
equipment
Protection Instrument
relays Transformers
Power
System
Station
building Circuit
breaker
Communication
Equipment
1_114Q07- 5 -
Application
Two line bays Different types of protections

Earth fault
132 kV Single
busbar
Bus bar fault
Two transformer bays

132/20 kV
1_114Q07- 6 -
Application
Line Protection
Earth fault
Lightning
132 kV
The transmission lines

REL 511
are the least protected Line protection
parts of the system from C
environmental
influences.
Line fault clearing is subject to
authority regulations due to the risk for
Among the most damage to general public and

important protection equipment not belonging to the power
system in the power
1_114Q07- 7 -
system.
system.
Application
Distance - Protection
Z = U/I
Z Z<
<
132 kV 132 kV
1_114Q07- 8 -
Application
Metering
Wactive = U . I. cos j kWh

Energy Meters
kWh
kVAr Tomorrow
Numerical
Energy calculation
Today
kWh
VT CT
kVAr Electronic
Analogue Integrator
Yesterday
kWh
kVAr
Mechanical
Ancient
Integrator
METER
Rb
Energy output
A/D conversion
1_114Q07- 9 -
Computer
Application
General
All technical data are based at altitude below 1000 m
Altitude above 1000 m

- reduced external insulation strength and the cooling effect
Ambient temperature
- maximum 35oC at 24 hours average temperature
Earth quake
- maximum 0.5g general but different spectra can increase the stress
Pollution
- creepage distance 25 mm/kV or 31 mm/kV

1_114Q07- 10 -
Application
Current Transformers
Multi ratio - secondary taps

- data will normally be stated at the highest ratio
- if the data required at all taps the CT will be very big
Fs - security factor measuring cores

- Fs 5 and probably Fs 10 will be possible only at 2 ratios
Must be calculated from case to case
1_114Q07- 11 -
Application
Short Time Current

- high short time current 40 - 60 kA 1 sec. - 1 primary turn
- rated currents 300 - 4000 A normally no problems
- rated currents below 300 A create big cores due to low ampere turns
- short time currents from 31.5 kA and below more than 1 primary turns
- the ampere turns will increase and reduce the core size.
- short time currents during 3 sec. reduce the primary turns

1_114Q07- 12 -
Application
Basic requirements for measuring and design

- Ambient conditions - Rated primary current

- System voltage - Rated secondary current
- Insulation levels - Burden and accuracy classes
- Standard - Number of cores
- Short time current - Creepage distance
- Rating factor - Accessories
1_114Q07- 13 -
Application
Basic requirements for measuring and design

Voltage Transformers
- Ambient conditions - Rated primary voltage

- System voltage - Rated secondary voltage
- Insulation levels - Burden and accuracy classes
- Standard - Number of windings
- Inductive or capacitor type - Creepage distance
- Voltage factor - Accessories
1_114Q07- 14 -
Technical Design Instrument
Transformers
1_114Q07- 15 -
Technical Design Outdoor Current Transformers
Oil insulated
Current transformer
type IMB 36 - 550 kV
1_114Q07- 16 -
Technical Design Current Transformer type IMB
The the most sold current

transformer in the world, more
than 140 000 units are
installed all over the world,
from desert to arctic climates.
Improved in several
generations during more than
60 years.
A reliable product (failure rate

4 times lower than average)
with no need for regular
maintenance.
1949 2000
1_114Q07- 17 -
Technical Design IMB Design Features
Voltage Range 36 - 362 kV

Rated Current up to 4000 A
Primary conductor
Round aluminium or copper conductor
Paper, mineral oil, aluminium foil insulation

Reconnectable 1:2, 1:2:4
Capacitive tap available on request
Quartz filling
Quartz filling, reduce the oil volume by 2/3s
Improves the mechanical stability

1_114Q07- 18 -

Encapsulation
Porcelain or silicone rubber insulator
Long creepage 25 mm/kV as standard
Cemented flanges
Aluminium tank
Corrosion resistant up to ISO class C4, without
additional painting
O-ring gaskets
Safe sealing
1_114Q07- 19 -

Primary conductor
Round Aluminium or Copper conductor
Paper, mineral oil, aluminium foil insulation

Reconnectable 1:2
Quartz filling
Quartz filling, reduce the oil volume by 2/3s
Improves the mechanical stability

1_114Q07- 20 -

Based on old IMB 362-800 kV
Best service record on 800 kV
More than 1000 units supplied
Aluminium tank
Corrosion resistant up to ISO class C4,
without additional painting
Porcelain insulator

Cemented flanges
1_114Q07- 21 -
Technical Design IMB Expansion system
Expansion system
Dry nitrogen gas & without moving parts
Maintenance free gas-cushion design
No need for regular inspection
Minimum 15% gas compared to oil
Optional:
Stainless steel expansion bellows
Standard for X-High currents > 2500 A
Improved cooling
1_114Q07- 22 -
Terminal box
Protection class IP 55
Phoenix UK16
Terminal blocks for wires up to 16 mm
Alternative: Terminals for cable lugs up

to AWG 10
1_114Q07- 23 -
Technical Design IMB Manufacturing
Automated insulation technique
Improves quality and minimises variations
Reduced dimensions and increased withstand
1_114Q07- 24 -
Technical Design Outdoor Voltage Transformer
Oil insulated
Voltage transformer
type EMFC 36 - 170 kV
1_114Q07- 25 -
Technical Design Voltage Transformer type EMFC
Based on more than 40 years of tradition

and experience.
Delivered to more than 100 countries, totally

55 000 units have been delivered so far.
Failure rate that is much lower than average,

the maintenance need is minimal, the EMFC
is a world class instrument transformer.
1_114Q07- 26 -
Technical Design EMFC Design Features
Paper/Mineral-Oil insulation/Quartz filling
Primary winding
Double varnish-insulated copper wire, x-high
thermal withstand
Core
Laminated, 2 or 3 legs
Non oriented electrical steel - minimized risk for
ferro-resonance
Low flux density enables high voltage factor
1_114Q07- 27 -
Expansion system
Design rule
Accomplished
By using a quartz filling, ABB reduces
the oil volume by 2/3s
1_114Q07- 28 -
Encapsulation
Fitted with clamps
Galvanized steel tank
Cork-rubber seals
1_114Q07- 29 -
Technical Design Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Oil insulated
Voltage transformer
type CPA/B 72 - 800 kV
1_114Q07- 30 -
Technical Design CVT type CPA and CPB
Produced in different generations

since the early 50ths.
Mixed dielectric, since more than 25

years. Possible to use our CVTs for
high accuracy metering.
Delivered to more than 100

countries, totally more than 25 000
units
1_114Q07- 31 -
1955 2000
Technical Design CPA/B Design Features
Voltage Range 72-800 kV

High Voltage Capacitor
High or X-High Capacitance
ABB type mixed dielectric 2 paper & 1

polypropylene-film, 3-4 times more stabile
than other types
Advantages
Better transient response
Faster relay function
Higher accuracy stability
Accuracy maintained for all service
conditions
Better PLC performance
Wider bandwidth
1_114Q07- 32 -
Capacitor Voltage Divider
Capacitance Deviation (%) Temperature stability

Combined characteristics of
Film Paper (2/3)
+3
Polypropylene film (1/3)
+2
Temperature range -50 to +50 C
+1
(ANSI requirement -40 to +45 C)
Low electric stresses (20 V/m)
ABB Mixed Dielectric
-1 Life time tests performed at 2 Um
-2 Statistically: 80 years average
lifetime for capacitor elements
-3
Paper Experience
Used for capacitor voltage
0 +40 C transformers since 1976.
-40 C
Ambient Temperature More than 20 000 units installed
1_114Q07- 33 -
Technical Design CPA/B Design Features
Electro Magnetic Unit

X-High intermediate voltage approx. 24/V3 kV
Passive ferro-resonance damping circuit iron-

core reactor & resistor
Trimming windings accessible in terminal box.
Advantages
Better transient response
Faster relay function
Minimized risk for ferro-resonance
High voltage factor

1_114Q07- 34 -
Technical Design Schematic diagram CPA/CPB
HV Terminal
Capacitor divider
C1 Electromagnetic unit (EMU)
C2 Secondary winding
Compensating reactor 1a
Ferro resonance damping circuit
Primary winding
d1
B11 100 %
d2
B10 1n
B9 4.05 %
B8
Secondary winding
B7 1.35 % 2a
B6
0.45 %
B5
B4
0.15 %
B3
B2
0.05 %
B1
Power Line Carrier 2n
Equipment Trimming windings

1_114Q07- 35 -
Ground Ground
Technical Design Power Line Carrier (PLC) equipment
Protection for PLC equipment can be supplied by ABB in large terminal box
To L terminal in CVT terminal box

Separate box
mounted on
the support
*)Can
Carrier Line normally be
Drain Spark
grounding matching adjusted to
coil gap any CVT
switch unit *)
capacitance
Customers carrier
Ground
coaxial cable
1_114Q07- 36 -
Technical Design
CPA/B Design Features
Encapsulation
Cemented flanges
Aluminium tank
Cylindrical shaped
O-ring sealing system
Corrosion resistant up to ISO class C4,
without additional painting
1_114Q07- 37 -
Technical Design
Overview of designs made by ABB Sweden
- Tank type (hair pin), oil-paper-quartz insulation, type IMB 36-550 KV,
max 4000 A
Inductive Voltage Transformers

- For connection phase-ground, oil-paper-quartz insulation
type EMFC 24-170 kV
Capacitor Voltage Transformers

- For connection phase-ground, oil paper insulation, mixed dielectric,
CP.. 72-800 kV
1_114Q07- 38 -
Technical Design
Instrument Transformers
Oil insulated current transformer Optical current transducer Oil insulated capacitive voltage transformer
Type IMB 36-550 kV, Type MOCT 69-765 kV Type CP 72-800 kV
> 130 000 units supplied > 300 units supplied > 30 000 units supplied
> 60 years experience > 10 years experience > 40 years experience
SF6 gas insulated current transformer Oil insulated inductive voltage

Type TG 88-550 kV, transformer

> 4 000 units supplied Type EMFC 24-170 kV
> 15 years experience > 50 000 units supplied
> 50 years experience
1_114Q07- 39 -
Sales arguments Instrument
Transformers
1_114Q07- 40 -
Sales arguments
Company Location
Ludvika
1_114Q07- 41 -
Sales arguments Product Policy
We design and manufacture our products to have a

service life of at least 30 years.
In fact, most of them survive even longer.
Many of our instrument transformers produced in
the 1940s are still in operation today.
1_114Q07- 42 -
Sales arguments Safety and reliability aspects
Basic designs features Tank type
Insulated primary winding

Limited rated currents
Cores in bottom tank

Flexible for large cores
Electrical stress in tank area
Low centre of gravity
Enable simple expansion system to manage

the oil expansion throughout the temperature

range.
1_114Q07- 43 -
No bellows
Basic designs features Top core
Short straight uninsulated primary winding

High rated currents
Cores in top
Limited core space
Electrical stress in top area
High centre of gravity
Bellows type expansion system necessary

If no bellows Possibility for dissolved gas

bubbles in active insulation when oil in direct
1_114Q07- 44 -
contact with gas.

Insulation technique Tank type
Simple and controlled

wrapping of primary
winding
Automated insulation
technique
Improves quality and
minimises variations
1_114Q07- 45 -
Insulation technique Top core design
Semi-automated insulation technique
Complex and demanding wrapping
Manual works
May cause variations in insulation
Implies quality risks
(Less cost-efficient)
1_114Q07- 46 -
Expansion system Tank type

No endurance failure of expansion elements
Design rule
Quarts sand filling

Reduces the oil volume by 2/3s
Not sensitive for oil-leakage

1_114Q07- 47 -
Expansion system Top core design
Stainless steel or rubber bellows

Non pressurized
Bellow state indicator
Moving parts
Endurance failure possible
Very sensitive to oil-leakage
1_114Q07- 48 -
Discussion: Bellows no bellows
General Bad competitor designs no bellows
Rapid temperature and Only insulating oil in transformer
pressure drop dissolves gas Long free oil distance
bubbles in insulating oil.
To small expansion system
If only insulating oil long
Wider pressure variations
free oil distance with chain of
gas bubbles.
Example
Risk for partial discharge
National Industri - Norway
Flash-over
Rapid increase of
pressure IT will be
destroyed
1_114Q07- 49 -
ABB design
Large expansion system
> 15 % of oil volume
Small pressure variations
0,13 - 0,07 MPa
Quarts filler
No free oil in lower voltage stressed part
Gas bubble can not expand
Large mass means slow temperature variations
Large mass slow temperature variations
Oil column means hydrostatic pressure

Low electrical stress in oil - quarts

1_114Q07- 50 -
Electrical stress in oil-impregnated paper

In practice: Experiences Current transformer type IMB
ABB The the most sold current
Current Transformers CIGRE
IMB type transformer in the world,
Number of CTs in survey 56 607 108 273 more than 140 000 units are
installed all over the world,
Total service time in from desert to arctic climates.
962 316 1 906 863
transformer-years
Relative failure rate Improved in several
Non violent failures 0.42% 0.04% generations during more than
Violent failures 0.23% 0.11% 60 years.
Total failure rate per
0.039% 0.0056%
transformer - year A reliable product (failure rate
4 times lower than average)
with no need for regular
maintenance.
1_114Q07- 51 -
1949 2000
In practice: Experiences Voltage transformer type EMF
ABB Based on more than 40 years
Voltage Transformers CIGRE
EMF type of tradition and experience.
Number of VT's in survey 23 083 47 457
Total service time in Delivered to more than 100
392 411 974 865
transformer-years countries, totally 55 000 units
Relative failure rate have been delivered so far.
Non violent failures 0.49% 0.15%
0.32% 0.017% Failure rate that is much lower
Violent failures
Total failure rate per than average, the maintenance
0.048% 0.0075% need is minimal, the EMFC is
transformer - year
a world class instrument
transformer.
1_114Q07- 52 -
Sales arguments
Conclusions
What about explosion proof design?
No porcelain types (top core/tank type CT:s, VT:s (tank type!), CVT
capacitors) are proof against shattering at failure inside porcelain
But, failure risks today are extremely low!
Ex: ABB (and others!) can supply polymer insulators, but almost no
user feel it justified to pay the higher cost!
1_114Q07- 53 -
Sales arguments Conclusions
Oil CT/VT/CVT's considered fully economical and reliable today.

Little market pressure for alternatives
SF6:
Preferred by some users in DE, IT, USA, CA, CN and at oil hazards
But, mostly seen as an environmental risk to be avoided
Optical IT's:
Still limited to special applications (certain metering, Compact etc)
1_114Q07- 54 -
Sales arguments
Conclusions
Combined CT/VT's (often called VCTs):

Seem to increase, esp. in Central Europe for 123-420 kV CT/VT
Dead-Tank CBs, GIS:

Integrated relay CTs used (but not metering CTs in DTB's!)
New insulation technologies (HP air, dry materials):

In development stages. Commercial application far away!
1_114Q07- 55 -
ABB

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ABB Power Technology

Why Instrument Transformers?

Two line bays Example of an 132/20 kV S/S

Two transformer bays

Protection system - General purpose

Detect all electrical faults and

Restore normal operation

Two line bays Different types of protections

Two transformer bays

The transmission lines

Among the most damage to general public and

Wactive = U . I. cos j kWh

Altitude above 1000 m

- creepage distance 25 mm/kV or 31 mm/kV

Multi ratio - secondary taps

Fs - security factor measuring cores

Short Time Current

- rated currents 300 - 4000 A normally no problems

- short time currents during 3 sec. reduce the primary turns

Basic requirements for measuring and design

- Ambient conditions - Rated primary current

Basic requirements for measuring and design

- Ambient conditions - Rated primary voltage

The the most sold current

A reliable product (failure rate

Voltage Range 36 - 362 kV

Paper, mineral oil, aluminium foil insulation

Improves the mechanical stability

Voltage Range 36 - 362 kV

Voltage Range 420 - 550 kV

Paper, mineral oil, aluminium foil insulation

Improves the mechanical stability

Voltage Range 420 - 550 kV

Long creepage 25 mm/kV as standard

Alternative: Terminals for cable lugs up

Based on more than 40 years of tradition

Delivered to more than 100 countries, totally

Failure rate that is much lower than average,

Voltage Range 36 - 170 kV

Paper/Mineral-Oil insulation/Quartz filling

Voltage Range 36 - 170 kV

Voltage Range 36 - 170 kV

Galvanized steel tank

Produced in different generations

Mixed dielectric, since more than 25

Delivered to more than 100

Voltage Range 72-800 kV

ABB type mixed dielectric 2 paper & 1

Capacitance Deviation (%) Temperature stability

Electro Magnetic Unit

Passive ferro-resonance damping circuit iron-

High voltage factor

Equipment Trimming windings

To L terminal in CVT terminal box

Voltage Range 72-800 kV

Overview of designs made by ABB Sweden

Inductive Voltage Transformers

Capacitor Voltage Transformers

SF6 gas insulated current transformer Oil insulated inductive voltage

Type TG 88-550 kV, transformer

We design and manufacture our products to have a

Insulated primary winding

Cores in bottom tank