Protection Application Line Protection

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Benefits of Series compensated lines
Improvement in stability margins
Improved load division on parallel paths
Reduction in transmission losses
Ability to regulate power flow
Reduction in the voltage drop on the system
during severe disturbances
ABB Group - 2 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Conventional spark gap-protected capacitor

L Bypass circuit-breaker R
Airgap

X11 XC X12

Protection Location
XSL XSR
ABB Group - 3 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
MOV protected capacitor
ABB Group - 4 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Protection problems encountered

Negative reactance of the series capacitor

Apparent impedances dependent on gap flashing.
Voltage or current inversion
Sub synchronous oscillations
Dissymmetries due to nonsymmetrical gap
flashover/re-insertion .
Slow increase of the short circuit current in the L-C-
R fault loop
ABB Group - 5 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Apparent impedances of a series compensated
line

Faults beyond the series capacitor appear closer when the

capacitor is in service,
Distance protection under reaching zones must be set very
ABB Group - 6 -

short to avoid overreach.

Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Apparent impedances of a series
compensated line

Forward faults may appear to the distance relay in the reverse direction
Faulty-phase polarized directional measurement detects the fault in the
wrong direction.
ABB Group - 7 -
Sep 16, 2017

Healthy phase- and memory voltage polarization required.

 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Voltage inversion at a series compensated
line

Voltage inversion causes

false decision in conventional directional relays.
ABB Group - 8 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Current inversion on a series compensated
line

Causes a false directional decision of distance relays

(voltage memories do not help in this case)
ABB Group - 9 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Setting of the first and second zones in
series-compensated lines

Very often zone 1 is set to reach less than the

reactance of the compensated line
ABB Group - 10 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Reach of the first and second zones after the
capacitor is shorted
ABB Group - 11 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Permissive overreach distance protection
ABB Group - 12 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Influence of Protection in adjacent power
lines by the negative impedance

Due to intermediate in feeds protection far away

ABB Group - 13 -

from the faulty line can mal operate by its

Sep 16, 2017

instantaneous zone
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Quadrilateral characteristic, cross-polarised
ABB Group - 14 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Negative fault current

A distance protection cannot operate for negative fault

current and is not suitable.
ABB Group - 15 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Series compensated parallel power lines
(zero-sequence system)
ABB Group - 16 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Current inversion phenomena
ABB Group - 17 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Double circuit series-compensated power
lines
The capacitor will compensate the self impedance in
the zero sequence network while the mutual
impedance will be the same as on non-compensated
power lines. The effect of the mutual impedance will
therefore be worse than for non-compensated double
lines.
If there exists negative impedance and negative fault
current at the same time and a good phase selection is
required for single pole autoreclosure, the distance
protection system will be faced with difficult
measurement problems.
ABB Group - 18 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Other problems
Subsynchronous transients and oscillations
Gap flashing transients
ABB Group - 19 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
Series compensated lines and sub-synchronous
oscillations
A B C

~ Load
Series
capacitor Fault
X

Fault impedance Sub-synchronous

frequency components
Load impedance

Locus of transient
fault impedance
Video Clip
ABB Group - 20 -

A
Sep 16, 2017
 Distance Protection in SC Lines
ABB Group - 21 -
Sep 16, 2017