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Electrostatic Fields
1 q
Field of a point charge E(r ) r
40 r 2
2o rA rB rA rB
Construction principle:
Field lines start at +q and end at q.
The number of lines is proportional to q.
If the total charge is different from 0, there will be lines
going to or coming from infinity.
Field lines never cross.
The field lines point in radial direction near point charges.
Divergence of E (Gausss Law)
q
point charge : E da
S o
, S encloses the charge.
Qenc
integral form : E da
S
o
, Qenc d
V
differenti al form : E
o
Application of Gausss law (integral form):
The direction of the field is known, and it is constant
on the Gaussian surface
1. Spherical symmetry:
2. Cylindrical symmetry:
3. Plane symmetry:
Example 2.2
What is the field outside the uniformly charged sphere?
Example 2.3
Field inside a long cylinder with charge density ks
Example 2.4
Infinite plate with uniform surface charge density
Example 2.5
Field Lines and Flux
Flux through a surface:
E 0 E da 0
Flux tube:
E 0 E da 0 General properties
Qenc
integral form : E da
S
o
, Qenc d
V
E da 0