MICRO-ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONICS REVIEWER
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)

A
A complete
complete circuit
circuit in
in which
which both
both the
the active
active
and
and passive components are fabricated on
passive components are fabricated on
an extremely tiny single chip of a silicon
an extremely tiny single chip of a silicon

First
First developed
developed by
by Jack
Jack S.
S. Kilby
Kilby

Has the
Has the advantage
advantage ofof extremely
extremely physical
physical
size and
size and very
very small
small weight
weight with
with low
low power
power
consumption
consumption as as compared
compared toto discrete
discrete
components
components

Function only
Function only at
at low
low voltages
voltages

Quite
Quite Delicate
Delicate and
and cannot
cannot withstand
withstand rough
rough
handling or excessive heat
handling or excessive heat Jack Kilby
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)

ORIGINAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT BY

JACK KILBY
Classification of ICs

1 SCALE OF INTEGRATION

2 STRUCTURE

3 FUNCTIONS
SCALE OF INTEGRATION

SSI MSI LSI

Small Scale Medium Scale Large Scale

Integration: Integration: Integration:

The no. of ckts. The no. of ckts. Circuitry

Contained in an Per package is density
IC package is between 30-100 between 10-
less than 30 100 000
SCALE OF INTEGRATION

VLSI ULSI SLSI

Very Large Ultra Large Super Large

Scale Scale Scale
Integration: Integration: Integration:

Circuitry density No. of ckts. Per No. of ckts. Per

between 100 package is package is in
000-10 000 000 between 10 excess 1 billion
million-1 billion
Classification by STRUCTURE

Monolithic
IC

Monolithic means SINGLE

STONE
All ckt. components are
fabricated within a single
continuous piece of Si
crystalline
Classification by STRUCTURE

Thick and Thin Film ICs

Only passive components are formed
through the thick and thin film
techniques on the insulating surface
Active elements are added externally

Thin Film IC Thick Film IC

Resistors and Printed thin film
conductors are formed circuits
by varying the width Silk screen printing
and thickness of the techniques are
film and by using employed to create
materials of different the desired circuit
resistivity pattern on the
Capacitors are surface of a
produced by substrate
sandwiching an
insulating oxide film
between two
conducting films
Small inductors can be
made by depositing a
Classification by STRUCTURE

Hybrid/
Multichip
IC

Are formed by either

interconnecting a number
of individual chips or by
combination of thin film or
monolithic IC Techniques
Classification by FUNCTIONS

OP-AMPS Power

Linear/
Microwave Analog Multiplexers
Amplifier
ICs

Voltage Comparators Voltage

Regulators & etc.
Classification by FUNCTIONS

DIGITAL
DIGITAL ICs
ICs

Used in Switching Circuits

Monolithic Integration

Logic Flip Counters Clock

Gates Flops Chips
Classification by FUNCTIONS

DIGITAL
DIGITAL ICs
ICs

Used in Switching Circuits

Monolithic Integration

Calculator Memory Micropro

Chips Chips cessor
Monolithic ICs Preparation

Oxidation

Epitaxial Growth
A thin layer of SI02
is grown over the N
Wafer Preparation An N-type Si layer is type layer by
A P-type Si bar (ingot) is grown on the P-type exposing the wafer
taken and cut into thin substrate by the to an oxygen
slices called wafers
Czochralski Method is introduction of a gas atmosphere at
one of the most popular containing 1000C temperature
process in ingot growth
Wafers are thin sliced of a phosphorous at
semiconductor material 1200C temperature
either circularly or
rectangular in shape in
which a number of ICs are
fabricated simultaneously
These wafers are being
tapped and polished to
mirror finish and serve as
the substrate for hundred
of ICs
Monolithic ICs Preparation

Base and Emitter

Diffusion

Isolation Diffusion
P-type base is
diffused into the N-
Photolithographic
Process Wafer is subjected type which itself
Involves the selective to a P-type diffusion acts as a collector
etching of SiO2 with the process by which N-
help of photolithographic
mask, type layer is isolated
into islands on
Types of Etching
which components
1. Wet Etching- use are fabricated
of nitric
(hydrofluoric acid)

2. Dry Etching- use

of hot plasma gas
Monolithic ICs Preparation

Circuit probing

Metallization
Each IC on the
wafer is checked
Pre-Ohmic Etch Process involve in electrically for
making proper performance
For food metal
interconnections by placing probes
contact with on the bonding pads
and providing
diffused layers,
bonding pads
N+ regions are
around the
diffused into the
circumference of the
structure
chip
Monolithic ICs Preparation

Encapsulation

Mounting and Packing

A cap is placed over
the circuit and
Scribing and Separating
into Chips ICs are cemented sealing is done in an
or soldered to a inert atmosphere
Wafers are first
gold-plated header
scribed with a
through which leads
diamond tipped
have already been
tool
connected
Wafer is broken
down into
individual chips
containing the
integrated circuits
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

A
very high
A very high gain
gain differential
differential amplifier
amplifier
that
that has
has very
very high
high input
input impedance
impedance
and very
and very low
low output
output impedance
impedance
The
The name
name Operational
Operational Amplifier
Amplifier is
is
derived from one of its original
derived from one of its original
purposes
purposes that
that is
is to
to perform
perform
mathematical operations
mathematical operations
The very
The very first
first op-amp
op-amp was was developed
developed
by
by Fairchild
Fairchild Co.
Co.
Ideal
Ideal operational
operational amplifier
amplifier has
has
infinite
infinite input
input impedance,
impedance, zero zero output
output
impedance and infinite
impedance and infinite gain gain
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

The
The terminal
terminal marked
marked (-)
inverting input.
(-) is
input. Whatever
is called
called
Whatever signal
signal
V
inverting
polarity
polarity is
is applied
applied to
to the
the inverting
inverting
will cause
cause opposite
opposite polarity
polarity on
on the
the Inverting Input
will
output
output terminal
terminal Output
The
The terminal
terminal marked
marked (+)
(+) is
is the
the non-
non-
inverting
inverting input.
input. Whatever
Whatever polarity
polarity isis
applied will cause same polarity
applied will cause same polarity in in
the
the output
output terminal
terminal Non-Inverting Input

V
VIRTUAL GROUND PRINCIPLE
States that the differential input
voltage is zero meaning V+=V-.
Simply shows that the two inputs
are shorted but actually not
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Pin Assignments

1 Offset null
1 8
2 Inverting input
7
3 Non inverting 2
input 6
4 Negative 3
supply
4 5
5 Offset null

6 Output

7 Positive supply

8 No connection
OP-AMP SPECIFICATION

Input Common Differential

Input
Offset Mode Voltage
Offset
Current Voltage Gain
Voltage
Gain

It is the The (Ac) The ratio (Ad) Ratio of

difference in the of the signal the change in
DC voltages that
difference
voltages at output voltages
must be applied in the either output at either output
to the input current at terminals to terminal with
terminals to the common
the 2 input respect to the
obtain equal signal
terminals ground to the
quiescent voltages
operating difference in
applied to 2 the input
voltage at the input
output terminals voltages
terminals
OP-AMP SPECIFICATION

Common
Slew Roll-Off
Mode Drift
Rate
Rejection
Ratio

The ratio of the Device Term It is the

full differential
voltage gain to
parameter describing reduction of
the common indicating the change op-amps
mode voltage how fast in output gain due to
gain
the output voltage increasing
voltage resulting operating
CMMR=20log Ad
CMMR=20log Ad changes from frequency
Ac
Ac with time change in
temperature
OP-AMP SPECIFICATION

Riser Gain
Time, Bandwidth
Rt Product

An alternate A constant
parameter parameter
used to which is
specify the always equal
to the
bandwidth
frequency at
which the op-
BW(MHz)
BW = 350
(MHz)= 350 amps open
Rtns
Rt ns loop gain is
unity
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Constant Gain Rf
Inverting Amplifier
Rin

Eout

Ein

Av=- Rf_
Rin
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Non-Inverting Rf
Amplifier
Rin

Eout

Ein
Av=1 + Rf_
Rin
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Unity Follower

Eout

Provides aa Ein
Provides
gain of
gain of 1
1
with no
with no
polarity
polarity
reversal
reversal
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Summing Amplifier
Rf
Rin3

Rin2

Rin1

Eout
Ein3
Ein2

Ein1
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Integrator Cf
Feedback
Feedback
Component
Component Rin
is aa
is
Capacitor
Capacitor

Eout

The output
The output is
is Ein
the integral
the integral of
of
the input
the input with
with
an inversion
an inversion and
and
scale multiples
scale multiples
of 1/RC
of 1/RC
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Differentiator Rf
The output
The output isis
proportional to
proportional to
the time
time Cin
the
derivative of
derivative of
the input
the input

Eout

The magnitude
The magnitude of of
the output
the output
Ein
increases linearly
increases linearly
with increasing
with increasing
frequency and
frequency and has
has
high gain
high gain and
and high
high
frequency
frequency
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Differential Amplifier Rf
Marriage of
Marriage of
both the
both the
inverting and
and Rin
inverting
non-inverting
non-inverting
amplifiers
amplifiers

Eout

Rin
The output
The output isis Ein
the result
the result of
of the
the
difference
difference
between the
between the two
two
Ein
inputs
inputs
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Comparator
Used asas aa Convert aa ramp
Convert ramp
Used
limit, level
level ckt. to
ckt. to aa pulse
pulse
limit,
detector and the
and the pulse
pulse to
to
detector
switch reset the
reset the ramp
ramp
switch

Convert aa ramp
Convert ramp
ckt. to
ckt. to aa pulse
pulse
and the
and the pulse
pulse to
to
reset the
reset the ramp
ramp
OP-AMPS CIRCUITS

Schmitt trigger Rf

Schmitt trigger
Schmitt trigger is
is aa
Rin
comparator circuit
comparator circuit
that incorporates
that incorporates
positive feedback
positive feedback

Eout

Ein

Output
OP-AMP APPLICATION TIMER CKT

Used in generation of pulse signals that are triggered by

an input signals
Generation of a clock signal that operates at a frequency
set by external resistor and capacitor

555 Timer
-Made of combination of linear
comparators and digital flip-flops
-The entire circuit is housed in
an 8 DIP package
OP-AMP APPLICATION TIMER CKT

555 Timer
6-Threshold
8-Vcc

5 k

3-Output
5-Control
5 k Output
Voltage F/F
Stage

7-Discharge
5 k
4-Reset

1-Ground Vref
2-Trigger Input
Applications

Astable Multivibrator/
Clock Circuit

Also term as FREE-RUNNING

It has no stable state and has 2
quasi-stable states
Its period To=1.38RC
Applications

Bistable Multivibrator
Basically the Flip-flop
Eccles Jordan Circuit
Has two stable states and no
quasi-stable state
Application

Monostable Multivibrator
One shot
Has one stable state and 1
quasi-stable
Its period To=0.69RC
1. It is consists of elements inseparably associated
and formed on or within a single substrate
2. ______ is a major characteristics of an IC
3. Digital ICs are mostly
4. ICs whose components are passive elements
either resistors or capacitors
5. Method used in producing thick film components
6. IC production method to prevent unwanted
interaction between elements within a chip
7. The most popular crystal growth process used in IC
8. ____ is a thin polished slice of a semiconductor crystal
on which integrated circuit can be fabricated often in
duplicate, for cutting into individual core
9. The metal most often used in metallization process
in IC fabrication
10. Intergrowth between two different semiconductor
layers
11. The selective etching of SiO2 Layer to expose
portions of the silicon surface for doping
12. Which of the following is not a linear IC?
13. A separately packed circuit element with its own
external connections is called a _____ component
14. When a logic circuit rejects an unwanted signal,
this is termed as
15. _____ refers to a function of a decade counter
digital IC
16. The _____ is an Analog component that has two inputs,
one inverting and the other non-inverting, and a single
output terminal
17. How many op-amps does a window comparator
require?
18. Which of the following company was first to
develop an op-amp
19. Specification of an op-amp which describe how fast the
output of an op-amp changes no matter how fast the
input voltage changes
20. Ratio of the voltage gain of an op-amp for differential
signals to its voltage gain for common mode signals
21. Which of the basic op-amp circuits require no
feedback?
22. What is the feedback element of a differentiator?
23. Which of the following circuits converts an input
waveform to rectangular wave?
24. What will be the output of a differential amplifier whose
input is 1mV for both inverting and non-inverting inputs?
25. The op-amp input that causes a phase inversion
when used as a signal input
26. An op-amp operation where similar signals appear
at both inverting and non-inverting inputs
27. The ratio of the feedback voltage to the output
voltage
28. It is the factor by which the open-loop gain will
decrease if feedback is applied
29. It is usually an op-amp with no feedback and used
to compare two voltages
30. Special type of comparator that compares a
voltage input with a reference voltage
31. A special type of comparator that detects if the
input voltage is out of range
32. It is consists of elements inseparably associated
and formed on or within a single substrate
33. A circuit whose output is proportional to the rate of
change of the input voltage
34. What is the feedback component for an RC op-amp
integrator
35. Which of the following can be used as a square
wave-to-triangular wave converter
36. Which of the following can be used as a square
wave to spikes converter
37. An op-amp whose voltage gain is 1
38. _____ refers to circuits with 10 to 100 integrated
circuits
39. Which of the following integrated circuits contain
the most gate?
40. It is a digital IC characterized by 100,000 gates or
more
41. How many pins do a 555 timer have?
42. Pin 3 of 555 timer
43. Pin 7 of 555 timer
44. First integrated circuit chip was developed by
45. Silicon ingots are sliced into
46. What do the abbreviations SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI
indicate?
47. In monolithic ICs, all components are fabricated by
_____ process
48. By definition, digital ICs
49. In monolithic ICs all components are fabricated by
_____ process
50. In the context of IC fabrication, metallization means
1. It is consists of elements inseparably associated
and formed on or within a single substrate
51. An Op-amp can be classified as _____ amplifier
52. With 0v on both inputs, an op-amp ideally should
have an output equal to
53. Of the value listed, the most realistic value for open
loop gain of an op-amp is
54. A certain op-amp has a bias current of 50uA and
49.3uA. The input offset current is

A 700nA
B 99.3uA
C 49.7uA
D None of these
 All of these D
Zero Rout C
Infinite Rin B
Infinite Av A
55. An ideal op-amp has
56. The output of a particular op-amp increases 8v in
12usec. The slew rate is

A 96v/usec

B 0.67v/usec

C 1.5v/usec

D None of these
57. A certain non-inverting amplifier has an Ri=1kohms
and an Rf of 100kohms. The closed loop gain is

A 100,000
B 1000
C 101
D 100
58. An inverting amplifier, has Rf=2Mohms and
R1=2kohms. Its scale factor is

A 1000
B -1000
C 10x10-3
D -10x10-3
 Has no energy storage element D
Returns to its stand-by state C
automatically
Gives two output pulses for one B
input trigger pulse
Has no stable state A
59. A monostable multivibrator circuit
 Width of input pulses D
Value of transistor beta C
RC values of the circuit B
Value of collector load resistor A
multivibrator depends mainly on the
60. The frequency of oscillation of an astable
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