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1. Gas end.
2. Power end.
Cylinder & Liner
Piston reciprocates inside a cylinder. To provide for reduced
reconditioning cost, the cylinder may be fitted with a liner or
sleeve. A cylinder or liner usually wears at the points where
the piston rings rub against it. Because of the weight of the
piston, wear is usually greater at the bottom of a horizontal
cylinder. A cylinder liner is usually counter bored near the
ends of the outer ring travel i.e. counter bores are made just
ahead of the points where the end piston rings stop and
reverse direction. Shoulders may form in the liner where the
rings travel stops unless counter bores are provided.
Piston
For low speed compressors (upto 330 rpm)
and medium speed compressors (330-600
rpm), pistons are usually made of cast iron.
Upto 7 diameter cast iron pistons are made
of solids. Those of more than 7 diameters
are usually hollow (to reduce cost).
Carbon pistons are sometimes used for
compressing oxygen and other gases that
must be kept free of lubricant.
As the compressor reaches operating temperature,
the piston and rod expand more than liner/cylinder
does. In order to prevent seizure adequate clearance
should be provided, at the same time clearance must
be close enough to permit adequate support of piston
rings. Similarly end clearance is also important.
A cold piston is usually installed with one third of its
end clearance on the crank end and two third of its
end clearance on the head end.
PISTON ROD AND
PISTON
Generally, the piston rod is fastened to the
piston by means of special nut that is
prevented from unscrewing. The surface of the
rod has suitable degree of finish designed to
minimize wear on the sealing areas as much
as possible. The piston is provided with
grooves for piston rings and rider rings.
Piston rod packing
Piston rod packing ensures sealing of the compressed gas.
The piston rod packing consists of series of cups each
containing several seal rings side by side. The rings are
built of three sectors, held together by a spring installed in
the groove running around the outside of the ring.
Main Bearings
The main bearings
are built in two
halves, made of
steel, with inner
coating of
antifriction metal.
Connecting Rods
The connecting rod has two bearings. The big end
bearing is built in two halves. It is made of metal with
inner coating of antifriction metal. The connecting rod
small end bearing is build of steel, with inner coating of
antifriction metal. A hole runs through the connecting
rod for its entire length, to allow passage of oil from the
big end to the small end bush.
Connecting Rods
Connecting Rods
Crosshead
Crosshead fastens piston rod to the connecting rod. The
sliding surfaces of crosshead are coated with antifriction
metal i.e. babbited shoes. These are of interchangeable type.
That permits it to slide back and forth within the crosshead
guides. The shoes have channels for the distribution of lube
oil. The lubrication is obtained under pressure; it comes out
from the two guides of the crosshead slide body.
Connection between connecting rod and crosshead is
realized by means of a gudgeon pin. The piston rod is
connected to the crosshead by nut arrangement, tightened by
means of hydraulic device.
Crosshead
Crosshead
Lubrication
Lubricants reduce friction and therefore wear between
moving compressor parts. Lubricant also serves as a
coolant.
Lubrication Systems
Generally, two types of systems are uses to lubricate the positive
displacement compressors.
SPLASH SYSTEM
It is used in older machines. A supply is maintained in the
crankcase. Oil is splashed up by the rotation of the crank and the
counter weight into the collecting ring. Centrifugal force throws the
oil outward through an oil passage to the crank pin.
Splash Lubrication
Forced Feed System
Oil is pumped under pressure to the required parts.
Following are the main parts of system:
STRAINER