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Thermal Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How does a material respond to heat?
How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity
-- coefficient of thermal expansion
-- thermal conductivity
-- thermal shock resistance
Chapter 19 - 1
Heat Capacity
General: The ability of a material to absorb heat.
Quantitative: The energy required to increase the
temperature of the material.
energy input (J/mol)
heat capacity dQ
(J/mol-K) C
dT temperature change (K)
Chapter 19 - 2
Heat Capacity vs T
Heat capacity...
-- increases with temperature
-- reaches a limiting value of 3R
3R Cv = constant
gas constant
= 8.31 J/mol-K
Chapter 19 - 6
Thermal Expansion
Materials change size when heating.
Lfinal Linitial Tinit
(Tfinal Tinitial ) L init
Linitial Tfinal
coefficient of L final
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/C)
0.012 m
Chapter 19 - 9
Thermal Conductivity
T1 T2 > T1
x1 heat flux x2
Chapter 19 - 10
Thermal Conductivity: Comparison
Material k (W/m-K) Energy Transfer
Metals
Aluminum 247 By vibration of
Steel 52 atoms and
Tungsten 178 motion of
Gold 315 electrons
increasing k
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 By vibration of
Soda-lime glass 1.7 atoms
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12 By vibration/
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 rotation of chain
Polystyrene 0.13 molecules
Teflon 0.25
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.
Chapter 19 - 11
Thermal Stress
Occurs due to:
-- uneven heating/cooling
-- mismatch in thermal expansion.
Example Problem 19.1, Callister 7e.
-- A brass rod is stress-free at room temperature (20C).
-- It is heated up, but prevented from lengthening.
-- At what T does the stress reach -172 MPa?
T room
L
L room L thermal (T Troom )
T Lroom
100GPa 20 x 10-6 /C
E(thermal ) E(T Troom )
compressive keeps L = 0
-172 MPa 20C
Answer: 106C
Chapter 19 - 12
Thermal Shock Resistance
Occurs due to: uneven heating/cooling.
Ex: Assume top thin layer is rapidly cooled from T1 to T2:
rapid quench
tries to contract during cooling T2 Tension develops at surface
resists contraction T1 E(T1 T2 )
Temperature difference that Critical temperature difference
can be produced by cooling: for fracture (set = f)
quench rate f
(T1 T2 ) (T1 T2 )f racture
k E
set equal
f k
Result: (quench rate) f or f racture
E
f k
Large thermal shock resistance when is large.
E
Chapter 19 - 13
Thermal Protection System
Re-entry T
Application: Distribution
Space Shuttle Orbiter