BOD- Chlamydia pneumonia

Intercellular parasite
50% population by
age 50, 75% by age
65.
Immune response
causes Soft Plaques
in the aorta
C-Reactive Proteins
Principles of Immunology and
Infection
 Principles of the Immune System
What the Immune system has to deal with
Extracellular Bacteria
Extracellular Protein (Exotoxins)
Extracellular Fungi and Parasites
Extracellular viral particles
Intracellular viral attacks
Intracellular bacteria
Cancer
 Immune System
Non-Specific-skin, stomach acid, high
salts and lipids of the sebaceous glands
technically are examples of non-specific
barriers of the immune system

Specific-Humoral and Cellular

More Principles- Specific
1) Must be specific to
identify antigens
2) Must be tolerant of
self
3) Must retain
memory
 Some terms

Antigen-A molecule that interacts with a

specific component of the immune system
(Types)
Immunoglobulin (Antibody)-Soluble B Cell
protein that interacts with Antigens
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)-Cells that
Present antigens to T Cells
B-Cells a Lymphocyte that differentiates
to make Antibodies
 T-Cell-A lymphocyte responsible for
antigen-specific cellular interactions; TC
and TH
Cell-mediated Immunity-Immunity resulting
from direct interaction with antigen specific
T-Cells
Humoral Immunity-Immunity resulting from
direct interaction with antibodies
 MHC-Major Histocompatibity
Complex-Antigen Presenting receptor
protein
Class I MHC proteins-antigen
presenting molecules found on all
nucleated vertebrate cells
Class II MHC proteins-antigen
presenting molecules found on
macrophages, B Cells, dendrites
 Clonal Selection-When a B or T Cell is
stimulated by an antigen produces self
copies.
Interleukin (IL)- A cytokine (cell growth
stimulator) secreted by leukocytes
Macrophage- A Phagocytic leukocyte
Natural Killer (NK)-Lymphocyte that
recognizes and destroys foreign cells
 Parts of the Immune System
skin, stomach acid, high salts and lipids of the
sebaceous glands technically are non-specific
barriers of the immune system
Leukocytes have both specific and non-specific
functions
Monocytes/Macrophages-phagocytic cells
Mast Cells
Neutrophilis (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
T Cells
B-cells to Plasma and Memory Cells
The Immune Cells
 Phagocytes and Bacterial Attack
Generation of various Radicals
These compounds can be dangerous to
the host.
Some Bacterial Virulence factors
neutralize/quench these factors
Others produce Leukocidins (pus)
 Two Branches to the Immune
System
Humoral Mediated Immunity-Soluble
antigens, viral particles, some bacteria
Cellular Immunity-Cancers, Apoptosis
cells, virally infected cells, certain bacterial
infected cells, large parasites
 Turning on T Helper
Antigen presenting cell presents
peptides/carbohydrates from
phagoytosized particles
Presents them on MHC Class II Receptors
T Helper with CD-4 receptor recognizes
the APC, sees antigen. Becomes
activated
 Turning On T Cytotoxic Cells
Foreign Antigens of any cells placed on
MHC I Class receptors
TC cells with CD-8 receptors recognize
cell as self
T-cell Receptor (TCR) sees foreign
antigen. Destroys cell
 T Helper Cells
binds to a type of macrophage called a
presentation cell ---> which causes helper T cell
to divide ---> population helper T cells
binds to a B lymphocytes bearing an antibody
and an antigen ---> stimulates B cells to secrete
antibody
binds to killer T cells ---> stimulates them to
attack infected cell
 Activating APC Turns on both
branches of Immunity
T Helper cells activated by APC turn on
both B-Cells and T Cytotoxic Cells
T Helper activate B-Cells which
differentiation into Plasma Cells
Other T Helper turn on the TC, Natural
Killer and TH Inflammatory
 How Antibodies work
1. Neutralization
a. Antibodies may bind to bacterial toxins
b. Antibodies may bind to molecules that viruses
and bacteria use to attach to cells to gain entry
for infection.
2. Opsonization
An antibody facilitates uptake by phagocytes
3. Complement activation
Antibodies facilitate uptake by phagocytes and
lyse certain bacteria
 Different Classes of Antibodies
IgM-primary serum antibody
IgG-secondary serum antibody, memory
IgA-secratory antibody
IgE-Mast Cell antibody
 Tolerance
Pre-T Cells in the Thymus
Cells that dont recognize MHC are
removed
Cells that recognize MCH +self antigens
are removed
All others retained. Sent to Lymph nodes
and wait and wait and wait and wait
 BOD Francisella tularensis
Tularemia
Summer months in which ticks
and deerfly are widespread .
Infection can also occur by
contact in the skin, eyes, nose
or mouth
Drinking contaminated water
or even breathing dust from
contaminated soil
Ulceroglandar
Patents disabled 1-2 months,
5% fatal
Biological Warfare
 Types of Immunity
Natural active immunity
Immunity derived from natually occuring
antigens
Problems
Agammaglobulinemia- Defects in B-cells
DiGeorges syndrome-Thymus problems, T-cell
difficiency. No intercellar pathogen response
Natural Passive immunity
Milk, placental
 Immunization
Artificial Immunity
Artificial Active
Attenuated, Toxoid, Recombinate, Killed
Artificial Passive
Gamma globulins (Antibodies)
 Normal Vaccines
Recombinate- DNA
DNA Vaccines
Attenuated organisms-Challanges
Example: Tuberculosis, Yellow fever, Measles
Killed Organisms-Challenges
Example: Typhoid, Pertussis, Polio (Salk)
Protein Challenges
Examples Toxoid:Anthrax, Diphtheria, Tetanus
Carbohydrate
Conjugated: i.e. Haemophilus influenza
The HIV
Life Cycle HIV
How is the Virus Detected?
ELISA
Agglutination Assay
PCR
 What is AIDS?
Opportunistic Infections
Fungal
Candidiasis, Coccidiomycosis, Cryptococcosis,
Histoplasmosis,
Parasites
Pneumocysts**, Toxoplasmosis
Rare Carcinomas
Kaposis Sarcoma
Low # CD4 cells 200/mm3
 How is AIDS Diagnosed?
Presences of low CD4 count.

Presences of opportunistic infection or

rare cancers
 The Drug Cocktail
Proteases
Analogs
Reverse Transcriptase blockers
Nucleoside Analog inhibitors
Nonnucleoside RT inhibitors-
Nevirapine
Protease inhibitors-Saquinavir,
Ritonavir
 Future Drugs
Immunization, GP120?
Gene therapy technology
Receptor blocking technologies
DNA vaccines
Antisense RNA (or DNA?)