1.1 Air Psychrometry

Psychrometry
A study of properties of moist air and the resultant

processed air
Moist air is a mixture of dry air and a small amount of water:

Nitrogen (78%),
Oxygen (21%), Clean dry air
Argon (0.9%),
Carbon dioxide (0.03%), and others.
Moisture (varying for different geographical locations and different precipitation levels)
The condition in which water vapor in moist air attains a maximum value
is called saturation.
A small amount of water vapor can be responsible for up to 35%
of air-conditioning load.
JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Objectives
1. Understand terminology in air psychrometry
2. Understand air conditioning process
3. Be able to calculate the values of moist air at
different states.

Contents
Properties of Moist Air
Psychrometric Chart
Air Conditioning Process
Air and Cooling Requirement Due to Ventilation
Requirement

Properties of Moist Air Psychrometric Chart Air Conditioning Process Air and Cooling Requirement Due to Ventilation Requirement
4
Properties of Moist Air

Moist air: a binary (two substances) mixture of dry air and water vapor
Properties of gas: pressure (p), volume (v), temperature (t)
Properties of moist air:

total pressure (p), partial pressure (pa and pv)
specific volume ()
web-bulb, dry-bulb, dew point temperature (Twb,T, Tdp)
Mass (m, ma, mv)
relative humidity (RH), humidity ratio (or absolute humidity; W)
enthalpy (h)

Ideal Gas Relationships 5
Ideal Gas Relationships

An ideal gas: a theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly-moving
point particles that interact only through elastic collisions.
elastic collision: one in which the total kinetic energy of the colliding bodies after collision is equal to their total kinetic
energy before collision.
Ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where P is the absolute pressure of the gas [Pa; Nm-2];
V is the volume of the gas [m-3];
n is the amount of substance of the gas, usually measured in moles;
R is the gas constant (which is 8.314472 JK-1mol-1);
T is the absolute temperature [K].
(Wikipedia)


Daltons law:
p = pa + pv
where p is the total pressure exerted by the mixture;
pa and pv are partial pressure exerted by dry air and water vapor.
At standard atmospheric condition, air at sea level exerts a pressure

of 101.325 kPa (or 1 atm; 1.01 bar)


For a given volume V (m3):
pa V = ma (R/Ma) Tabs
pv V = mv (R/Mv) Tabs
where ma is the mass of dry air in the volume, kg
R is the universal gas constant, 8.315 kJ/(kmol.K)
Ma is the molecular weight of dry air, 28.96 kg/kmol
mv is the mass of water vapor in the volume, kg
Mv is the molecular weight of water vapor, 18.02 kg/kmol

Saturation vapor pressure 8

Saturation vapour pressure pvs :
(at the maximum vapor pressure)
pvs(Tabs) = exp [53.5224 6834.27/Tabs 5.17ln(Tabs)] , kPa

(Keenan and Kaye, 1945)
pvs(Tabs) = exp [C1/Tabs+C2+C3Tabs+C4Tabs2+C5Tabs3+C6ln(Tabs)] , kPa

(ASHRAE, 2001)
where C1 = 5.8002206e+03
C2 = 5.5162560e+00
C3 = 4.8640239e-02
C4 = 4.1764768e-05
C5 = 1.4452093e-08
C6 = 6.5459673e+00
Tabs is in Kelvin, K.
Relative Humidity 9
Relative Humidity (RH)

the ratio of the existing partial vapor pressure, pv, to the saturation
pressure, pvs, at the same temperature and pressure:
RH = pv / pvs
no unit; often expressed in terms of percentage
When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is low, evaporation of water is rapid;
soil dries, wet clothes hanging outdoors dry quickly, and perspiration readily evaporates from the skin.
Wooden furniture can shrink causing the paint that covers these surfaces to fracture.
When the temperature is high and the relative humidity is high, evaporation of water is slow.
When relative humidity approaches 100 percent, condensation can occur on surfaces, leading to problems
with mold, corrosion, decay, and other moisture-related deterioration.

Humidity ratio 10
Humidity ratio (W)

Also called absolute humidity
the mass vapor per unit mass of dry air at a given condition:
W = mv / ma
= (Mv/Ma) (pv/pa)
= (18.02/28.96) (pv/pa)
= 0.622 pv/pa
W = 0.622 pv / (p-pv)
Also, pv = pW / (0.622+W); p= 101.325 kPa at standard atmospheric condition, air at sea level

Specific volume 11
Specific volume (),

the volume of the moist air per unit mass of dry air, m3/kg(dry air),
= V / ma
when V / ma = RTabs / (paMa), pa = p-pv, Ma = 28.96:
= 0.2871 Tabs / (p-pv)

Temperature 12
Temperature (T)
commonly used to determine the state of humid moist air
Dry Bulb (or normal) Temperature Tdb or T

usually referred to as air temperature and
basically refers to the ambient air temperature
Wet Bulb Temperature Twb
the temperature of adiabatic saturation
This is the temperature indicated by
a moistened thermometer bulb
exposed to the air flow.
Dew Point Temperature Tdp
the temperature at which water vapor starts
to condense out of the air, the temperature
at which air becomes completely saturated.
Above this temperature the moisture will stay in the air.

Enthalpy of Moist Air 13
Enthalpy of Moist Air (h)

the sum of the enthalpy of each constituent (maha+mvhv)
enthalpy of dry air, ha:
ha = ca (T-TR), kJ/kg,
where ca is the specific heat capacity, kJ/(kg.K), of dry air,
T is its (dry-bulb) temperature, and
TR is the reference (datum) temperature.
TR = 0oC in SI unit and for the normal temperature range (0-100oC), ca = 1.006 kJ/(kg.K)
ha = 1.006T, kJ/kg (of dry air) T is in oC

Enthalpy of Moist Air 14
Enthalpy of Moist Air (h)

enthalpy of water vapour, hv:
hv = hg + cpv T, kJ/kg (of water vapor),

where hg is enthalpy of water vapour at the ref. temp., 2501 kJ/kg
cpv is the specific heat capacity of the superheated vapor, 1.805 kJ/(kg.K).
enthalpy of moist air, h:
h = ha + W hv
= 1.006 T + W (2501+1.805 T) kJ/kg (of dry air)
T is in oC

Web-bulb Temperature 15
Web-bulb Temperature (Twb)
Temperature of the air in an enclosure, T2 ,finally attained as the

water is allowed to evaporate until saturation is reached adiabatically
(no heat is transferred)
moist air saturated moist

water at T2 air at (T2, W2)
at (T1, W1)

Web-bulb Temperature (Twb)
During adiabatic saturation the humidity ratio changes from W1 to W2
The enthalpy of saturated air (h2):
h2 = h1 + (W2-W1) hw
Expressing h1 and h2 in terms of T1 and W1 and T2 and W2; and

hw=4.186T2:
W1 = [(2501-2.381T2)W2-(T1-T2)]/(2501+1.805T1-4.186T2)

sling psychrometer
designed to measure a temperature which
is numerically very close to
the thermodynamic wet- bulb temperature
A wetted wick is tied to the bulb of the glass tube of

the mercury thermometer. Swinging the thermometer
will move the wetted wick up to a speed through the
air. The mass transfer due to vaporization of water on
the wetted wick is accompanied by the heat transfer
from the air to the wick.

sling psychrometer
The process of swinging the sling psychometric causes the air to

lose sensible heat when it changes from temperature T1 to the
psychometric web-bulb temperature Twb. In exchange, the humidity
ratio of the air near the wetted wick increases from W1 to Wwb.
sensible heat ca(T1-Twb ) (Wwb -W1 )h fg latent heat
h fg
Twb T1- (Wwb -W1 )
ca
Where hfg = the latent heat of evaporation of the water at temperature Twb

Dew-point Temperature 19
Dew-point Temperature (Tdp)

the saturation temperature reached when the air is cooled down
without moisture added or extracted from it
Tdp = 6.54 + 14.526 ln(pv) + 0.7389 [ln(pv)]2

+ 0.9486 [ln(pv)]3 + 0.4567 (pv)0.1984 , oC
(ASHRAE, 2001)
pv is in kPa

Calculation of Properties of Moist Air 20
Calculation of Properties of Moist Air

If two property values of a moist air are given at a given pressure,
the other property values of the moist air can be calculated.
For example, when knowing T and W (at the standard condition;

P=101.325 kPa), RH can be calculated by using the equations:
pvs(Tabs) = exp [C1/Tabs+C2+C3Tabs+C4Tabs2+C5Tabs3+C6ln(Tabs)], kPa
pv = 101.325W / (0.622+W), kPa
RH = pv / pvs

Calculation of Properties of Moist Air 21

22
Psychrometric Chart
Volume

23
Example of using Psychrometric Chart
Give: Tdb = 30oC

Twb = 22oC.
Find the other properties of h

R
this moist air, i.e.
Tdp H W
relative humidity,
humidity ratio, dew-point
temperature,
enthalpy, specific volume
Tdb

24
Example of using Psychrometric Chart

Using psychrometric chart: Using mathematical model:
RH = 50%, Given Tdb = 30oC and Twb = 22oC,
humidity ratio = 0.0135kg/kg, pvs(22oC) = 2.645 kPa,
dew-point temperature = 18.5oC, Ws(22oC) = 0.016667,
enthalpy = 64.3 kJ/kg while pvs(30oC) = 4.246.
specific volume = 0.877 m3/kg
From given Tdb and Twb and Ws(22oC),
W = 0.01332,
hence pv = 2.125 kPa and
RH = 2.125/4.246 = 50%.
dew-point temperature = 18.83oC.

enthalpy = 64.21 KJ/kg
specific volume = 0.8773 m3/kg.

25
h W
(sensible) Cooling without Condensation 81
Cooling with Condensation 70.5
17.9
42
10.7
T 15oC 25oC
h W
51
Heating Without Humidification
9.
Heating With Humidification 2 9
6 4.
T 15O 25O 2
C C
26

W
h
81
humidification
70.5
cooling heating 17.9
dehumidification
42
10.7
T
15oC 25oC
Cooling 27
Cooling
Cooling of moist air: Chilled water in
achieved by passing the air

through a set of cooling coils
Moist air in buildings are conditioned
to satisfy thermal comfort.
Chilled water or cool refrigerant

Chilled water out
flows through the coils or tubes to
extract heat from the passing air. Configuration of cooling of moist air
External fins enhance

effectiveness of heat transfer.
(by increasing surface area)

Cooling without Condensation 28
Cooling without Condensation

Example: Moist air at 35oC, RH 50% is cooled down to 25oC.
Find the changes in enthalpy, relative humidity, and wet-bulb temperature
initial point:
enthalpy 81 kJ/kg
wet-bulb temp. 26.2 C h W
humidity ratio 17.9 g/kg 81
final point: 70.5
enthalpy 70.5 kJ/kg
relative humidity 89 %
17.9
42
wet-bulb temp. 23.5 C
10.7
changes in enthalpy:
81 kJ/kg - 70.5 kJ/kg = 10.5 kJ/kg T 15oC 25oC
(sensible) Cooling without Condensation

Cooling with Condensation 29
Cooling with Condensation

Example: Moist air at 35oC, RH 50% is cooled down to 25oC.
Find the changes in enthalpy, relative humidity, and wet-bulb temperature
initial point:
enthalpy 81 kJ/kg,
wet-bulb temp. 26.2 C, W
humidity ratio 17.9 g/kg h
81
dew point:
enthalpy 69 kJ/kg 70.5
relative humidity 100 % (w = 17.9 g/kg)
wet-bulb temp. 23 C
17.9
42
final point: 10.7
enthalpy 42 kJ/kg
relative humidity 100 % (w = 10.7 g/kg)
wet-bulb temp. 15 C T
15oC 25oC
changes in enthalpy: 39 kJ/kg Cooling with Condensation
81 kJ/kg - 69 kJ/kg = 12 kJ/kg (sensible)
69 kJ/kg - 42 kJ/kg = 27 kJ/kg (sensible + latent)

Heating 30
Heating
the opposite of cooling
reduces relative humidity while humidity ratio remains
constant
Heating Without Humidification h W

completely opposite to the case of
51
cooling without condensation.
9.9
Heating With Humidification 26
accomplished by addition of steam
4.2
to the air during heating process.
T
15OC 25OC

Heating 31
Heating
Example: Air at 15 C, RH 40% is heated and humidified to 25 C, RH 50%.
Find the values for the enthalpy and the humidity ratio of the air at the initial
and the final states.
initial point: Process A-B: Heating h (kJ/kg) W (g/kg)

enthalpy 26 kJ/kg without humidification
Process A-C: Heating with
humidity ratio 4.2 g/kg 50%40%
humidification
51
final point: C
enthalpy 51 kJ/kg 9.9
humidity ratio 9.9 g/kg
26
4.2
A B
T (C) 15 25

Mixing of Two Air Streams 32
Mixing of Two Air Streams

generally considered adiabatic - no heat exchange with surrounding
In air-conditioning, part of the air returning from the ma1, h1

conditioned space to the air-handling system is
ma3, h3
exhausted from the space.
The remaining return air is mixed with fresh-ambient air
before entering the air-handling system.
Mixing two air streams of different conditions is
ma2, h2
common in air-conditioning.
enthalpy balance: ma1h1 + ma2h2 = ma3h3

mass balance: ma1 + ma2 = ma3
3 unknowns, 3 equations
ma1W1 + ma2W2 = ma3W3
Mixing of Two Air Streams 33
Mixing of Two Air Streams

Example: An air stream at 30 C, RH 60% flowing at 1 kg/s is mixed with
another air stream at 20 C, RH 80% and flowing at 0.5 kg/s.
Find the flow rate and the condition of the resultant air.
h (kJ/ kg)
air stream (1), W (g/kg)
80%60%
enthalpy 71.17 kJ/kg,
humidity ratio 16.04 g/kg,
71.17
air stream (2), 64.05
humidity ratio 11.70 g/kg. 49.81 16.04
1 14.59
3
Resultant air stream (3), 11.70
2
humidity ratio 14.59 g/kg.
T (C) 20 30

34
Air and Cooling Requirement Due to

Ventilation Requirement
In air-conditioning for comfort in a building, an amount of
fresh-ambient air is drawn into the building for ventilation -
to replace part of used air which must be exhausted.
This ventilation air must be

cooled and dehumidified by
the air-conditioning system
before being supplied to the
air-conditioned space.
Heat and moisture must be

extracted from the ventilation
air in this process.

Energy and Mass Balance in Cooling 35
Energy and Mass Balance in Cooling
ma h1 ma h2 mw hw 2 Q Q ma [(h1 h2 ) (W1 W2 )hW 2 ]
maW1 maW2 mw mW ma (W1 W2 )
where ma is the mass flow rate of in-coming air,

mw is the mass flow rate of condensed water.
hw2 is the enthalpy of water at T2,
h1 and W1are enthalpy and humidity of the in-coming air,
h2 and W2are enthalpy and humidity of the cooled air,
Q is the heat extracted

Sensible and Latent Component of Cooling due to Ventilation 36
Sensible and Latent Component of

Cooling due to Ventilation
Example: the target for cooling and humidification is to bring the
temperature and the relative humidity of the air to 25.5C and 50%
respectively.
h1
The property values of the air in this condition are hM
P1
h2 = 51.59 kJ/kg W
W2 = 10.18 g/kg. h2
In a typical situation, air at T1 = 35C and RH1 = 50% dL, latent
h1 = 80.77 kJ/kg M
W1 = 17.77 g/kg. P2
T dS, sensible
In changing the condition of the air at P1 to P2

dL = h1 hM , represents the latent component
dS = hM -h2 , represents the sensible component

Example: the target for cooling and humidification is to bring the
temperature and the relative humidity of the air to 25.5C and 50%
respectively.
h1
Q = (80.77 51.59) (0.0177 0.0108)(4.186)(25.5) hM
= 29.18 0.738 P1
= 28.44 kJ/kg W
h2
dL = 80.77 61.34 = 19.43 kJ/kg dL, latent
dS = 61.34 51.59 = 9.75 kJ/kg
M
P2
T dS, sensible


Example: Air at h1 = 80 kJ/kg, W1 = 0.019 and flowing at 0.1 kg/s is
cooled down to h2 = 50 kJ/kg, W2 = 0.012
Find Q, the amount of water condensed, the sensible and the latent
components of the cooling load.
At P1, T1 = (h1-2501W1) /(1.006+1.805W1)
80 = 31.22 oC
62.10 0.019 At P2, T2 = 19.45 oC

50
At Point M,
0.012 TM = 31.22 oC and WM = 0.012, hM = 62.10 kJ/kg
M
Q = m[(h1-h2)-(W1-W2)hW2] = 3-0.057 = 2.943 kW
19.45 31.22 Latent comp = m(h1-hM) = 1.79 kW,

Sensible comp = m(hM-h2) = 1.29 kW.

Assignments
Calculate energy involved in air-conditioning processes
1. select the hours from the weather data (from assignment 1)
which their enthalpies are highest and lowest.
2. assign air-conditioning processes to achieve the given indoor air
conditions (Tdb is between 20-26oC and RH 30-60%):
- for the hour that the outdoor air enthalpy is lowest
(heating with/without humidification?)
- for the hour that the outdoor air enthalpy is highest
(cooling with/without dehumidification and re-heating?)
3. draw the processes in a psychometric chart and calculate
amount of energy involved in the air conditioning processes
Please clearly show how you calculate the energy values !


1.1 Air Psychrometry

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Psychrometry

A study of properties of moist air and the resultant

Moist air is a mixture of dry air and a small amount of water:

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Properties of Moist Air

Properties of gas: pressure (p), volume (v), temperature (t)

Properties of moist air:

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Ideal Gas Relationships

Ideal gas law:

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Ideal Gas Relationships

At standard atmospheric condition, air at sea level exerts a pressure

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Ideal Gas Relationships

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Ideal Gas Relationships

pvs(Tabs) = exp [53.5224 6834.27/Tabs 5.17ln(Tabs)] , kPa

pvs(Tabs) = exp [C1/Tabs+C2+C3Tabs+C4Tabs2+C5Tabs3+C6ln(Tabs)] , kPa

Relative Humidity (RH)

no unit; often expressed in terms of percentage

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Humidity ratio (W)

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Specific volume (),

when V / ma = RTabs / (paMa), pa = p-pv, Ma = 28.96:

= 0.2871 Tabs / (p-pv)

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Dry Bulb (or normal) Temperature Tdb or T

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Enthalpy of Moist Air (h)

ha = 1.006T, kJ/kg (of dry air) T is in oC

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Enthalpy of Moist Air (h)

hv = hg + cpv T, kJ/kg (of water vapor),

enthalpy of moist air, h:

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Web-bulb Temperature (Twb)

Temperature of the air in an enclosure, T2 ,finally attained as the

moist air saturated moist

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Web-bulb Temperature (Twb)

During adiabatic saturation the humidity ratio changes from W1 to W2

The enthalpy of saturated air (h2):

Expressing h1 and h2 in terms of T1 and W1 and T2 and W2; and

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

A wetted wick is tied to the bulb of the glass tube of

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

The process of swinging the sling psychometric causes the air to

sensible heat ca(T1-Twb ) (Wwb -W1 )h fg latent heat

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Dew-point Temperature (Tdp)

Tdp = 6.54 + 14.526 ln(pv) + 0.7389 [ln(pv)]2

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Calculation of Properties of Moist Air

For example, when knowing T and W (at the standard condition;

pv = 101.325W / (0.622+W), kPa

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

JEE 634 Chapter 5: Air Psychrometry Dr. Poppong Sakulpipatsin

Example of using Psychrometric Chart

Give: Tdb = 30oC