Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
HYDROGENATION
3. invariably, a catalyst.
2. PHARMACEUTICAL AND
3. FOOD INDUSTRIES.
HYDROGENATION
3. Electrolysis of water
THERMODYNAIMCS
Effect of Temperature
o Hydrogenation is a strongly exothermic reaction. In
the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fatty acids,
for example, the heat released is about 105
kJ/mol
o At temperatures of about 100 C, small chain
hydrocarbons can be easily hydrogenated but as
the temperature is increased ( 400 C ) cracking of
hydrocarbons starts which yields lower
hydrocarbons and reverse reaction may proceed
with a reasonable speed.
HYDROGENATION
Effect of Pressure
o Pressure, like temperature can affect the rate
of reaction as well as the equilibrium position
o The rate of reaction in generally increased with
increase in pressure, because a gas phase is
usually present and an increased in pressure
increase the concentration, and in creased
concentration speed up a reaction
HYDROGENATION
CH2O + H2 CH3OH
HYDROGENATION
Effect of Time
o Time necessary for a hydrogenation reaction
may vary from a few seconds to several hours,
depending on the materials being
hydrogenated, the catalyst, the temperature,
and the pressure
o In general, the more reactive is the compound,
the faster the hydrogenation reaction
HYDROGENATION
Solubility of hydrogen
o In liquid-vapor reactions, solubility of hydrogen
will increase with the increase in pressure.
o This will lead to more contact between
hydrogen and the substance
HYDROGENATION
MECHANISM
Catalysis
1. Heterogeneous
Processes that use bulk metal or metal on a
solid support, which are examples of
Heterogeneous catalysis
2. Homogeneous
Processes that utilize soluble organometallic
compounds as catalysts fall under the category
of Homogeneous catalysis
HYDROGENATION
Nickel catalyst
HYDROGENATION
Hydrogen molecules
adsorbed on the
surface of the catalyst
Nickel catalyst
HYDROGENATION
Nickel catalyst
HYDROGENATION
Another
Hydrogen
molecules
adsorbed on the
surface of the
catalyst
Nickel catalyst
HYDROGENATION
The product
molecule is now
free
H H
B Y
H H
C C
A
X
HYDROGENATION
H H
H
H
HYDROGENATION
B
Y
A X
H H
H
C C
H
HYDROGENATION
B
Y
A X
H H
H
C C
H
HYDROGENATION
B
Y
A X
H H
C C
H H
HYDROGENATION
H H
H H
HYDROGENATION
CATALSYTS
o Hydrogenation catalysts are solids consisting of
metal & metal oxides.
o Hydrogenation is effected at the surface of the
catalyst, so a highly extended surface is essential.
o Usually, the preparation of catalyst is associated
with some chemical reactions whereby a highly
extended, porous, and honeycombed surface is
produced so that the density of the surface metal
is far less than that of the bulk metal.
o Contd.
HYDROGENATION
Contd.
HYDROGENATION
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Strictly speaking, homogeneous catalysis are
catalytic reactions where the catalyst is in the
same phase as the reactants, so homogeneous
catalysis applies to reactions in the gas phase
HYDROGENATION
INDUSTRIAL REACTORS
o Catalytic hydrogenation is done in a tubular plug-flow
reactor (PFR) packed with a supported catalyst. The pressures
and temperatures are typically high, although this depends on
the catalyst. Catalyst loading is typically much lower than in
laboratory batch hydrogenation, and various promoters are
added to the metal, or mixed metals are used, to improve
activity, selectivity and catalyst stability. The use of nickel is
common despite its low activity, due to its low cost compared to
precious metals.
o Gas Liquid Induction Reactors (Hydrogenator) are also used
for carrying out catalytic hydrogenation.
HYDROGENATION
Pressure
Temperature
Loading of catalyst
FACTORS AFFECTING HYDROGENATION
Temperature
Pressure
Agitation
Catalyst
HYDROGENATION
SELECTIVITY IN HYDROGENATION
Selective hydrogenations are done either by
1. Making the proper choice of catalyst,
temperature, pressure & solvent ( and thereby
a difference in reaction rate)
2. By interrupting the reaction when the desired
amount of hydrogen has been absorbed
HYDROGENATION
HYDROGENATION REACTIONS
Acetylene:
2 moles of hydrogen can easily be added to such
compounds under catalytic conditions to give
corresponding saturated derivatives.
RCCR + H2 RCH=CHR + H2
Olefin
RCH2CH2 R
Alkane
where R & R may be aliphatic, aromatic or other groups
Acetylene cntd.
Olefins:
Aromatics:
Such compounds generally require temperatures
above 180 C for complete hydrogenation over
nickel catalyst.
Since olefins readily hydrogenate at a much lower
temperature so that it can easily be differentiated
between the olefinic double bond or aromatic
double bond hydrogenation
HYDROGENATION