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(Course 25741)
Chapter Two
TRANSFORMERS
continued
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
Output Voltage of Transformer Varies with Load
Due to Voltage Drop on Series Impedance of Transformer
Equivalent Model
Full Load Regulation Parameter, compares output no-load
Voltage with its Full Load Voltage:
VS , N . L. VS , F . L.
V.R. = 100%
VS , F . L.
At no load VS= VP / a thus : (VP / a ) VF . L.
V.R.= 100%
V F . L.
VP , pu VS , FL , pu
in per unit: V.R. = 100%
VS , FL , pu
P.F. leading
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
Table Summarize possible Value for V.R. vs Load P.F.:
IH=ISE
IL=ISE+IC
AUTO TRANSFORMER
In step-up autotransformer:
VC / VSE = NC / NSE (1)
NC IC = NSE ISE (2)
voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages
as follows:
VL=VC (3)
VH=VC+VSE (4)
current in coils are related to terminal currents:
IL=IC+ISE (5)
IH=ISE (6)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Voltage & Current Relations in Autotransformer
VH=VC+VSE
since VC/VSE=NC/NSE VH=VC+ NSE/NC . VC
Noting that: VL=VC
VH=VL+ NSE/NC . VL= (NSE+NC)/NC . VL
VL / VH = NC / (NSE+NC) (7)
Current relations:
IL=IC+ISE employing Eq.(2) IC=(NSE / NC)ISE
IL= (NSE / NC)ISE + ISE, since ISE=IH
IL= (NSE / NC)IH +IH = (NSE + NC)/NC . IH
IL / IH = (NSE + NC)/NC (8)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
Note : not all power transferring from primary to
secondary in autotransformer pass through windings
Therefore if a conventional transformer be
reconnected as an autotransformer, it can handle
much more power than its original rating
The input apparent power to the step-up
autotransformer is : Sin=VLIL
And the output apparent power is:
Sout=VH IH
AUTO TRANSFORMER
And :
Sin=Sout=SIO
Apparent power of transformer windings:
SW= VCIC=VSE ISE
This apparent power can be reformulated:
SW= VCIC=VL(IL-IH) =VLIL-VLIH
employing Eq.(8) SW= VLIL-VLIL NC/(NSE+NC)
=VLIL [(NSE+NC)-NC] /(NSE+NC)=SIO NSE /(NSE+NC)
SIO / SW = (NSE+NC) / NSE (9)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Eq.(9); describes apparent power rating advantage of
autotransformer over a conventional transformer
smaller the series winding the greater the advantage
Example one: A 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting
a 110 kV system to a 138 kV system has an NC/NSE of
110/28
for this autotransformer actual winding rating is:
SW=SIO NSE/(NSE+NC)=5000 x 28/ (28+110)=1015 kVA
Example Two: A 100 VA 120/12 V transformer is
connected as a step-up autotransformer, and primary
voltage of 120 applied to transformer.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
(a) what is the secondary voltage of transformer
(b) what is its maximum voltampere rating in this
mode of operation
(c) determine the rating advantage of this
autotransformer connection over transformers
rating of conventional 120/12 V operation
Solution: NC/NSE= 120/12 (or 10:1)
(a) using Eq.(7),VH= (12+120)/120 x 120 = 132 V
(b) maximum VA rating 100 VA
ISE,max=100/12=8.33 A
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Sout=VSIS=VHIH= 132 x 8.33 = 1100 VA = Sin
(c) rating advantage:
SIO/SW=(NSE+NC)/NSE=(12+120)/12=11 or:
SIO/SW= 1100/100 = 11
It is not normally possible to reconnect an ordinary transformer
as an autotransformer due to the fact that insulation of L.V. side
may not withstand full output voltage of autotransformer
connection
Common practice: to use autotransformer when two voltages
fairly close
Also used as variable transformers, where L.V. tap moves up &
down the winding
Disadvantage: direct physical connection between primary &
secondary circuits, and electrical isolation of two sides is lost
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer
Another disadvantage: effective per unit
impedance of an autotransformer w.r.t. the
related conventional transformer is the
reciprocal of power advantage
This is a disadvantage where the series
impedance is required to limit current flows
during power system faults (S.C.)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Example three:
A transformer rated 1000 kVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz
when used as a two winding conventional
transformer and its series resistance &
reactance are 1 and 8 percent per unit
It is used as a 13.2/12 kV autotransformer
(a) what is now the transformers rating ?
(b) what is the transformers series impedance
in per unit?
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Solution:
(a) NC/NSE= 12/1.2 (or 10:1) the voltage ratio of
autotransformer is 13.2/12 kV & VA rating :
SIO=(1+10)/1 x 1000 kVA=11000 kVA
(b) transformers impedance in per-unit when
connected as conventional transformer:
Zeq=0.01 + j 0.08 pu
Power advantage of autotransformer is 11, so
its per unit impedance would be:
Zeq=(0.01+j0.08)/11=0.00091+j0.00727 pu
Example of Variable Auto-Transformer