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DISEASES
Diptheria
An infection of local tissue of URT with
production of toxin which causes systemic
effects on hearth and peripheral tissues.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the
Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacterium.
Diphtheria is spread (transmitted) from
person to person, usually through respiratory
droplets, like from coughing or sneezing.
Rarely, people can get sick from touching
open sores (skin lesions) or clothes that
touched open sores of someone sick with
diphtheria. A person also can get diphtheria
by coming in contact with an object, like a
toy, that has the bacteria that cause
diphtheria on it.
When the bacteria that cause diphtheria get into and attach
to the lining of the respiratory system, which includes parts
of the body that help you breathe, they produce a poison
(toxin) that can cause:
Weakness
Sore throat
Fever
Swollen glands in the neck
The poison destroys healthy tissues in the respiratory
system. Within two to three days, the dead tissue forms a thick,
gray coating that can build up in the throat or nose. This thick
gray coating is called a "pseudomembrane." It can cover tissues
in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat, making it very hard to
breathe and swallow.
The poison may also get into the blood stream and cause damage
to the heart, kidneys, and nerves.
The best way to prevent diphtheria is to get vaccinated. In the United
States, there are four vaccines used to prevent diphtheria: DTaP, Tdap, DT,
and Td. Each of these vaccines prevents diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP and
Tdap also help prevent pertussis (whooping cough). DTaP and DT are given to
children younger than seven years old, while Tdap and Td are given to older
children, teens, and adults.
Giardiasis
Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease. Once a person or
animal (for example, cats, dogs, cattle, deer, and
beavers) has been infected with Giardia, the
parasite lives in the intestines and is passed in
feces (poop). Once outside the body, Giardia can
sometimes survive for weeks or months. Giardia
can be found within every region of the U.S. and Giardia
around the world.
It is caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia. A
parasite is an organism that feeds off of another to
survive.
Giardia is protected by an outer shell that allows it
to survive outside the body for long periods of time
and makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection.
While the parasite can be spread in different ways,
water (drinking water and recreational water) is
the most common mode of transmission.
Giardiasis is the most frequently diagnosed intestinal
parasitic disease in the United States and among travelers
with chronic diarrhea . Signs and symptoms may vary and
can last for 1 to 2 weeks or longer. In some cases, people
infected with Giardia have no symptoms
Acute symptoms include
Diarrhea
Gas
Greasy stools that tend to float
Stomach or abdominal cramps
Upset stomach or nausea/vomiting
Dehydration (loss of fluids)
Other, less common symptoms include itchy skin, hives, and
swelling of the eye and joints. Sometimes, the symptoms of
giardiasis might seem to resolve, only to come back again Jejunal mucosa in giardiasis
after several days or weeks. Giardiasis can cause weight loss
and failure to absorb fat, lactose, vitamin A and vitamin B12.
In children, severe giardiasis might delay physical and mental
growth, slow development, and cause malnutrition.
Several drugs can be used to treat Giardia infection. Effective treatments
include metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide. Alternatives to these
medications include paromomycin, quinacrine, and furazolidone. Some of
these drugs may not be routinely available in the United States.
Different factors may shape how effective a drug regimen will be, including
medical history, nutritional status, and condition of the immune system.
Therefore, it is important to discuss treatment options with a healthcare
provider.
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
that can infect both men and women. It can cause
infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is
a very common infection, especially among young
people ages 15-24 years.
It is caused by infection with the Neisseria
gonorrhoeae bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects
the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract,
including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in
women, and the urethra in women and men. N.
gonorrhoeae can also infect the mucous
membranes of the mouth, throat, eyes, and
rectum.
You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or
oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea. A
pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the
infection to her baby during childbirth.
Some men with gonorrhea may have no symptoms at all. However,
men who do have symptoms, may have:
A burning sensation when urinating;
A white, yellow, or green discharge from the genitalia;
Painful or swollen testicles (although this is less common).
Most women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. Even when
a woman has symptoms, they are often mild and can be mistaken for a
bladder or vaginal infection. Women with gonorrhea are at risk of
developing serious complications from the infection, even if they dont
have any symptoms.
Symptoms in women can include:
Painful or burning sensation when urinating;
Increased vaginal discharge;
Vaginal bleeding between periods. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea can be cured with the right treatment. CDC recommends dual
therapy, or using two drugs, to treat gonorrhea - a single dose of 250mg of
intramuscular ceftriaxone AND 1g of oral azithromycin. It is important to take
all of the medication prescribed to cure gonorrhea. Medication for gonorrhea
should not be shared with anyone. Although medication will stop the
infection, it will not repair any permanent damage done by the disease.
Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea is of increasing concern, and successful
treatment of gonorrhea is becoming more difficult. If a persons symptoms
continue for more than a few days after receiving treatment, he or she should
return to a health care provider to be reevaluated.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Toxins,
certain drugs, some diseases, heavy alcohol use, and
bacterial and viral infections can all cause hepatitis.
Hepatitis is also the name of a family of viral
infections that affect the liver; the most common
types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that results
from infection with the Hepatitis A virus. It can
range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few Hepatitis A Virus
weeks to a severe illness lasting several months
Hepatovirus A is a species of virus in the order
Picornavirales in the family Picornaviridae and is the
type species of the genus Hepatovirus. Humans and
vertebrates serve as natural hosts..
Hepatitis A is usually spread when the Hepatitis A
virus is taken in by mouth from contact with objects,
food, or drinks contaminated by the feces (or stool)
of an infected person. A person can get Hepatitis A
through:
Some people with Hepatitis A do not have
any symptoms. If you do have symptoms,
they may include the following:
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Clay-colored bowel movements
Joint pain
Jaundice (a yellowing of the skin or eyes)
The best way to prevent Hepatitis A is through vaccination with the Hepatitis
A vaccine. Vaccination is recommended for all children, for travelers to
certain countries, and for people at high risk for infection with the virus.
Frequent handwashing with soap and warm water after using the bathroom,
changing a diaper, or before preparing food can help prevent the spread of
Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Hepatitis B and C is a contagious liver disease
that ranges in severity from a mild illness lasting
a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness.
It could be either acute or chronic
Acute Hepatitis virus infection is a short-term
illness that occurs within the first 6 months after
someone is exposed to the Hepatitis B virus. Acute
infection can but does not always lead to
chronic infection.
Chronic Hepatitis virus infection is a long-term
illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus
remains in a persons body.

Hepatitis B Virus
It is caused by a Hepatitis B Virus which is a double stranded DNA type, a species
of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, which is likewise a part of the Hepadnaviridae
family of viruses
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (5565 nm in size), enveloped, positive- sense
single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. Hepatitis C virus is the cause of
hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma,
abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans.
Hepatitis B and C is spread when blood, semen, or other body fluid infected with
the Hepatitis B and C virus enters the body of a person who is not infected. People
can become infected with the virus during activities such as:
Birth (spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth)
Sex with an infected partner
Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-injection equipment
Sharing items such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person
Direct contact with the blood or open sores of an infected person
Exposure to blood from needlesticks or other sharp instruments
Symptoms of acute Hepatitis B and C, if they appear, can include:
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Clay-colored bowel movements Hepatitis C Virus
Joint pain
Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or the eyes)
There is no medication available to treat acute Hepatitis B and C. During this
short-term infection, doctors usually recommend rest, adequate nutrition,
and fluids, although some people may need to be hospitalized.
The best way to prevent Hepatitis B is by getting the Hepatitis B vaccine.
The Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective and is usually given as 3-4 shots
over a 6-month period.
However, there is still no vaccines yet to prevent Hepatitis C.
If a person has had one type of viral hepatitis in the past, it is still possible
to get the other types.
Listeriosis
Listeria primarily causes infections of the central
nervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis, brain
abscess, cerebritis) and bacteremia in those who are
immunocompromised, pregnant women, and those at the
extremes of age (newborns and the elderly), as well as
gastroenteritis in healthy persons who have been
severely infected.
It is a bacterial infection caused by Listeria
monocytogenes. Listeria may infect specific locations
within the human body (brain or spinal cord membranes Listeria monocytogenes
or the bloodstream).
Listeriosis is usually caused by eating food contaminated
with Listeria monocytogenes. If infection occurs during
pregnancy, Listeria bacteria can spread to the baby
through the placenta.
Listeriosis can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the
person and the part of the body affected. Listeria can cause fever
and diarrhea similar to other foodborne germs, but this type of
Listeria infection is rarely diagnosed. Symptoms in people with
invasive listeriosis, meaning the bacteria has spread beyond the
gut, depend on whether the person is pregnant.
Pregnant women: Pregnant women typically experience only fever
and other flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue and muscle aches.
However, infections during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, Effect of Listeriosis on child
stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-threatening infection of the
newborn.
People other than pregnant women: Symptoms can include
headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions in
addition to fever and muscle aches.
Listeriosis is usually diagnosed when a bacterial culture (a type of
laboratory test) grows Listeria monocytogenes from a body tissue
or fluid, such as blood, spinal fluid, or the placenta.
Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics.
Measles
Is an acute, highly contagious viral disease capable of
producing epidemics. It is usually considered a childhood
disease, it can be contracted at any age.
It is caused by Measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-
sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Rashes: most common symptoms
Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Humans are for measles
the natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known
to exist
Measles is a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and
throat mucus of an infected person. It can spread to others
through coughing and sneezing. Also, measles virus can live for
up to two hours in an airspace where the infected person
coughed or sneezed. If other people breathe the contaminated
air or touch the infected surface, then touch their eyes, noses,
or mouths, they can become infected. Measles is so contagious Mouth of a patient with Koplik
that if one person has it, 90% of the people close to that spots, an early sign of measles
person who are not immune will also become infected. infection.
The symptoms of measles generally appear about seven to 14 days after a
person is infected.
Measles typically begins with
high fever,
cough,
runny nose (coryza), and
red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis).
Two or three days after symptoms begin, tiny white spots (Koplik spots) may
appear inside the mouth.
Three to five days after symptoms begin, a rash breaks out. It usually begins
as flat red spots that appear on the face at the hairline and spread downward to
the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet. Small raised bumps may also appear on top
of the flat red spots. The spots may become joined together as they spread from
the head to the rest of the body. When the rash appears, a person's fever may
spike to more than 104 Fahrenheit.
After a few days, the fever subsides and the rash fades.
People get MMR vaccine to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Children should get two doses of MMR vaccine, starting with the first dose at
12 to 15 months of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6 years of age.
Teens and adults also should also be up to date on their MMR vaccination.
Children may also get MMRV vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps,
rubella, and varicella (chickenpox). This vaccine is only licensed for use in
children who are 12 months through 12 years of age.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection. It causes red
sores that can break open, ooze fluid, and develop a
yellow-brown crust. These sores can occur anywhere
on the body.
Impetigo is caused by one of two kinds of bacteria-
strep (streptococcus) or staph (staphylococcus).
Often these bacteria enter the body when the skin
has already been irritated or injured because of other
skin problems such as eczema, poison ivy, insect
bites, burns, or cuts. Children may get impetigo after
they have had a cold or allergies that have made the
Blisters breaks open of an Impetigo patient
skin under the nose raw. But impetigo can also
develop in completely healthy skin.
It is spread person to person through direct contact
with discharged from blisters.
Symptoms for Impetigo are
That begin as small red spots, then change to
blisters that eventually break open. The sores are
typically not painful, but they may be itchy.
That ooze fluid and look crusty.
That increase in size and number. Sores may be streptococcus
as small as a pimple or larger than a coin.
Impetigo is treated with antibiotics. For cases of
mild impetigo, a doctor will prescribe an antibiotic
ointment or cream to put on the sores. For cases
of more serious impetigo, a doctor may also
prescribe antibiotic pills.

staphylococcus
Kawasaki Syndrome
Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as Kawasaki
syndrome, is an acute febrile illness of unknown
cause that primarily affects children younger
than 5 years of age.
It is still unknown what causes Kawasaki
Syndrome
Mode of transmission is still unkown
Clinical signs include fever, rash, swelling of the
hands and feet, irritation and redness of the Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease
whites of the eyes, swollen lymph glands in the
neck, and irritation and inflammation of the
mouth, lips, and throat.
Because of the risk of complications, Kawasaki disease is usually treated
in hospital. Treatment should be done promptly for faster recovery and
to reduce the risk of complications.
Two main medicines for Kawasaki disease treatment:
Aspirin - children under 16 should not be given aspirin. However, it is
prescribed if a child has Kawasaki disease. Children with Kawasaki disease
have a very high blood platelet count, making them very susceptible to
blood clots forming in their bloodstream. Aspirin helps prevent blood clots,
as well as reducing the fever, rash and joint inflammation.

For aspirin-therapy to be effective the child will normally require a high


dose. It is important that the child is checked and monitored closely to make The heart of a child
sure no undesirable side effects occur. Aspirin therapy may continue for who died from
several weeks after the child has recovered from symptoms. Kawasaki disease
shows conspicuous
coronary artery
Gammaglobulin - these are cells in the blood which help fight infection
(antibodies). Gammaglobulin is administered intravenously (through a vein in aneurysms.
the child's arm). Symptoms tend to improve rapidly; within 24 hours of
administering gammaglobulin.
Meningococcal Disease
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective
membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as
the meninges. This inflammation is usually caused by an
infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis is usually caused by bacteria or viruses, but can
be a result of injury, cancer, or certain drugs.
Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium
Neisseria meningitidis. About 1 out of 10 people have this type
of bacteria in the back of their nose and throat with no signs
or symptoms of disease; this is called being 'a carrier'. But Meningitis Brain Swelling
sometimes Neisseria meningitidis bacteria can invade the Central Nervous System
body causing certain illnesses, which are known as
meningococcal disease.
It is spread by direct close contact with nose or throat
discharges of an infected person.
The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache,
and stiff neck. There are often additional symptoms, such
as
Nausea
Vomiting
Photophobia (increased sensitivity to light)
Altered mental status (confusion)
There are vaccines that help provide protection against all
three serogroups (B, C, and Y) of Neisseria meningitidis
bacteria that are commonly seen in the United States. Like
with any vaccine, meningococcal vaccines are not 100% Neisseria meningitidis
effective.
Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of
effective antibiotics.
Mumps
It is an acute viral disease characterized by fever,
swelling and tenderness of one or more of the salivary
glands.
Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps
Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. It
spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or
throat. An infected person can spread the virus by
coughing, sneezing, or talking,
sharing items, such as cups or eating utensils, with Swelling of salivary glands
others, and
touching objects or surfaces with unwashed hands that
are then touched by others.
The most common symptoms include:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on
one or both sides (parotitis)
Mumps can be prevented with MMR vaccine. This
protects against three diseases: measles, mumps, and
rubella. CDC recommends children get two doses of Mumps Virus
MMR vaccine, starting with the first dose at 12 through
15 months of age, and the second dose at 4 through 6
years of age. Teens and adults also should also be up
to date on their MMR vaccination.
Mycoplasma Infection
It is respiratory illness caused by Mycplasma
pneumoniae, a microscopic organism related to bacteria.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes
illness by damaging the lining of the respiratory system
(throat, lungs, windpipe).
A person who is sick with M. pneumoniae infection has
these bacteria in their nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs.
M. pneumoniae is transmitted (spread) from person-to-
person when small droplets of water that contain the
bacteria get into the air and people breathe them in.
People who are sick with M. pneumoniae infection Mycplasma pneumoniae
usually spread the disease by coughing or sneezing while
in close contact with others, who then breathe in the
bacteria.
The most common type of illness, especially in children, is
tracheobronchitis, commonly known as chest cold. This chest
cold often comes with:
Sore throat
Fatigue (being tired)
Fever
Slowly worsening cough that can last for weeks or months
Headache
Like many respiratory diseases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
infection is spread by coughing and sneezing. Some tips to
prevent the spread of M. pneumoniae include:
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.
Put your used tissue in the waste basket.
If you don't have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your upper sleeve or
elbow, not your hands.
Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.
If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
Antibiotics are used to treat patients with pneumonia caused
by M. pneumoniae. Preventive antibiotics
Pinworm Infection(Enterobiasis)
Pinworm infection is caused by a small, thin, white
roundworm called Enterobius vermicularis. Although
pinworom infection can affect all people, it most
commonly occurs among children, institutionalized
persons, and household members of persons with pinworm
infection. Pinworm infection is treatable with over-the- enterobius vermicularis male and
counter or prescription medication, but reinfection, which female
occurs easily, should be prevented.
A pinworm ("threadworm") is a small, thin, white
roundworm (nematode) called Enterobius vermicularis that
sometimes lives in the colon and rectum of humans.
Pinworms are about the length of a staple. While an
infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the
intestine through the anus and deposit their eggs on the
surrounding skin.
Pinworm Egg
Pinworm infection is spread by the fecal-oral route, that is by the transfer of infective
pinworm eggs from the anus to someones mouth, either directly by hand or indirectly through
contaminated clothing, bedding, food, or other articles.
The most common clinical manifestation of a pinworm infection is an itchy anal region. When
the infection is heavy, there can be a secondary bacterial infection due to the irritation and
scratching of the anal area. Often the patient will complain of teeth grinding, and insomnia
due to disturbed sleep, or even abdominal pain or appendicitis. Infection of the female genital
tract has been well reported.
The medications used for the treatment of pinworm are either mebendazole, pyrantel
pamoate, or albendazole. Any of these drugs are given in one dose initially, and then another
single dose of the same drug two weeks later. Pyrantel pamoate is available without
prescription. The medication does not reliably kill pinworm eggs. Therefore, the second dose
is to prevent re-infection by adult worms that hatch from any eggs not killed by the first
treatment. Health practitioners and parents should weigh the health risks and benefits of
these drugs for patients under 2 years of age.
Pneumococcal Disease

It is a severe bacterial infection caused by Streptococus


pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus. It may cause
pnuemonia, meningitis or a blood stream infection
(bacteremia).
These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including:
pneumonia (infection of the lungs), ear infections, sinus A lung infected by
infections, meningitis (infection of the covering around the Pneumococcal Disease
brain and spinal cord), and bacteremia (blood stream
infection).
Pneumococcus bacteria are spread through coughing,
sneezing, and close contact with an infected person.
Symptoms of pneumococcal disease depend on the part
of the body that is infected. They can include fever,
cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, stiff neck,
confusion and disorientation, sensitivity to light, joint
pain, chills, ear pain, sleeplessness, and irritability. In
severe cases, pneumococcal disease can cause hearing
loss, brain damage, and death.
Having a pneumococcal vaccine can protect you from Streptococus pneumoniae
pneumococcal disease.
Proper hygiene and cleanliness may also lower the risk
of infection
Psittacosis
It is an infectious disease usually transmitted to
humans from birds in the parrot family, turkeys
and pigeons.
It is caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia
psittaci.
it is occasionally found in pet store workers and
people who have purchased an infected bird. It
may also be found in farmers and
slaughterhouse workers who process turkeys. Chlamydia psittaci.
In humans, after an incubation period of 519 days, the symptoms
of the disease range from inapparent illness to systemic illness
with severe pneumonia. It presents chiefly as an atypical
pneumonia. In the first week of psittacosis the symptoms mimic
typhoid fever: prostrating high fevers, joint pains, diarrhea,
conjunctivitis, nose bleeds and low level of white blood cells in
the blood. Rose spots can appear and these are called Horder's
spots Spleen enlargement is common towards the end of the first
week. Diagnosis can be suspected in case of respiratory infection
associated with splenomegaly and/or epistaxis. Headache can be This dark red organ is the
so severe that it suggests meningitis and some nuchal rigidity is enlarged spleen of a bird that
not unusual. Towards the end of the first week stupor or even died of Psittacosis.
coma can result in severe cases
The infection is treated with antibiotics. Tetracyclines and
chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for treating patients with
psittacosis.[
Poliomyelitis
It is a viral disease which may affect the central nervous system.
It is more common in infants and young children and occurs under
conditions of poor hygiene. However, paralysis is more common
and more severe when infection occurs in older individuals.
It is caused by the poliovirus.
Poliovirus only infects humans. It is very contagious and spreads
through person-to-person contact. The virus lives in an infected
persons throat and intestines. It enters the body through the
mouth and spreads through contact with the feces (poop) of an
infected person and, though less common, through droplets from
Poliomyelitis of the leg
a sneeze or cough. You can get infected with poliovirus if you
have feces on your hands and you touch your mouth. Also, you
can get infected if you put in your mouth objects like toys that
are contaminated with feces (poop).
Most people who get infected with
poliovirus (about 72 out of 100) will not
have any visible symptoms.
About 1 out of 4 people with
poliovirus infection will have flu-like
symptoms that may include
Sore throat
Fever
Tiredness
Nausea Polio Virus
Headache
Stomach pain
Polio vaccine protects children by
preparing their bodies to fight the polio
virus. Almost all children (99 children
out of 100) who get all the
recommended doses of vaccine will be
protected from polio.
Scabies
It is a fairly common infectious disease of the skin
caused by a mite. Scabies mites burrow into the skin
producing pimple-like irritations or burrows.
Human scabies is caused by an infestation of the skin by
the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis).
The adult female scabies mites burrow into the upper
layer of the skin (epidermis) where they live and
deposit their eggs.
Scabies can be passed easily by an infested person to his
or her household members and sexual partners. Scabies
in adults frequently is sexually acquired.
The most common symptoms of scabies, itching and a
skin rash, are caused by sensitization (a type of
allergic reaction) to the proteins and feces of the
parasite. Severe itching (pruritus), especially at night, is
the earliest and most common symptom of scabies. A
pimple-like (papular) itchy (pruritic) scabies rash is
also common.
Products used to treat scabies are called scabicides
because they kill scabies mites; some also kill mite eggs.
Scabicides used to treat human scabies are available
only with a doctors prescription. No over-the-counter
(non-prescription) products have been tested and
approved to treat scabies. The instructions contained in Sarcoptes scabiei
the box or printed on the label always should be
followed carefully. Always contact a doctor or
pharmacist if unsure how to use a particular medicine.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Sydrome)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral
respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called
SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first
reported in Asia in February 2003. The illness spread to
more than two dozen countries in North America,
South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS
global outbreak of 2003 was contained.
Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on
their surface. There are four main sub-groupings of SARS Coronavirus
coronaviruses, known as alpha, beta, gamma, and
delta. Human coronaviruses usually cause mild to
moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the
common cold.
The primary way that SARS appears to spread is by close person-to-person contact.
SARS-CoV is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet
spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
SARS symptoms are similar to those of the flu, including:
fever over 100.4F
dry cough
sore throat
problems breathing, including shortness of breath
headache
body aches
Loss of appetite
malaise
night sweats and chills
confusion
rash
diarrhea
To prevent infecting others by SARS,
infected individuals proceed to a
quarantine procedure which isolates
them and given the right medical
attention.
Treatment is mainly supportive, and
may include:
assisting with breathing using a
ventilator to deliver oxygen.
antibiotics to treat bacteria that
cause pneumonia.
Antiviral medications.
high doses of steroids to reduce
swelling in the lungs
Swimmers Itch
Swimmer's itch, also called cercarial dermatitis, appears as
a skin rash caused by an allergic reaction to certain
parasites that infect some birds and mammals.
These parasites are released from infected snails into fresh
and salt water (such as lakes, ponds, and oceans). While
the parasite's preferred host is the specific bird or
mammal, if the parasite comes into contact with a
swimmer, it burrows into the skin causing an allergic
reaction and rash.
Swimmers Itch
The adult parasite lives in the blood of infected animals
such as ducks, geese, gulls, swans, and certain mammals
such as muskrats and raccoons. The parasites produce eggs
that are passed in the feces of infected birds or mammals.
Swimmer's itch is not contagious and cannot be spread
from one person to another.
Symptoms of swimmer's itch may include:
tingling, burning, or itching of the skin
small reddish pimples
small blisters
Most cases of swimmer's itch do not require medical
attention. If you have a rash, you may try the following for
relief:
Use corticosteroid cream
Apply cool compresses to the affected areas
Bathe in Epsom salts or baking soda
Soak in colloidal oatmeal baths
Apply baking soda paste to the rash (made by stirring water into
baking soda until it reaches a paste-like consistency)
Use an anti-itch lotion
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted
infection that can cause serious health
problems if it is not treated. Syphilis is
divided into stages (primary, secondary,
latent, and tertiary), and there are
different signs and symptoms associated
with each stage.
Caused by bacterium Treponema
pallidum
Syphilis can be acquired by having sexual
contact to an infected individual. Syphilis
can also be spread from an infected
mother to her unborn baby.
Symptoms of syphilis in adults vary by stage:
Primary Stage - During the first (primary) stage of syphilis, you may notice a
single sore or multiple sores.
Secondary Stage - During the secondary stage, you may have skin rashes
and/or sores in your mouth, vagina, or anus (also called mucous membrane
lesions). This stage usually starts with a rash on one or more areas of your
body.
Latent Stage - The latent stage of syphilis is a period of time when there are
no visible signs or symptoms of syphilis. If you do not receive treatment, you
can continue to have syphilis in your body for years without any signs or
symptoms.
Tertiary Stage - Most people with untreated syphilis do not develop tertiary Treponema pallidum
syphilis. However, when it does happen it can affect many different organ
systems, including the heart and blood vessels, and the brain and nervous
system. Tertiary syphilis is very serious and would occur 1030 years after
your infection began. In tertiary syphilis, the disease damages your internal
organs and can result in death.
Syphilis can be cured with the right antibiotics from your health
care provider. However, treatment might not undo any damage
that the infection has already done.
Tetanus
Commonly called lockjaw, is a bacterial disease that affects the
nervous system. As a result of widespread immunization, tetanus is
now a rare disease.
It is caused by Clostridium tetani; this bacterium produces a toxin
that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the
muscles. If Clostridium tetani spores are deposited in a wound, the
neurotoxin interferes with nerves that control muscle movement.
The spores can get into the body through broken skin, usually through
injuries from contaminated objects. Certain breaks in the skin are
more likely to get infected with tetanus bacteria. These include:
Wounds contaminated with dirt, poop (feces), or spit (saliva)
Wounds caused by an object puncturing the skin (puncture wounds), like a
nail or needle Tetanus infected
Burns individual
Crush injuries
Injuries with dead tissue
Symptoms of tetanus include:
Jaw cramping
Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening (muscle spasms) often in
the stomach
Painful muscle stiffness all over the body
Trouble swallowing
Jerking or staring (seizures)
Headache
Fever and sweating
Changes in blood pressure and a fast heart rate
Clostridium tetani

Vaccination and good wound care are important to help


prevent tetanus infection. Doctors can also use a
medicine to help prevent tetanus in cases where someone
is seriously hurt and doesnt have protection from tetanus
vaccines.
2009 Flu Pandemic
It is an A(H1N1) pandemic and a global outbreak of a new
strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, identified in
April 2009, commonly referred to as swine flu, which is
transmitted between humans. It is thought to be a
mutationmore specifically, a reassortmentof four
known strains of influenza A virus subtype H1N1: one
endemic in humans, one endemic in birds, and two
endemic in pigs (swine)
Virtually all transmission is from human to human; cooked AH1N1 Virus
pork products are safe for humans and the virus cannot
be transmitted from foods.
Symptoms may include
Cough.
Fever.
Sore throat.
Stuffy or runny nose.
Body aches.
Headache.
Chills.
Fatigue.
The antiviral drugs oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are sometimes
prescribed within the first day or two of symptoms to reduce the severity of your
symptoms, and possibly the risk of complications. But, flu viruses can develop
resistance to these drugs
Avian influenza
Avian influenza refers to the disease caused by infection with avian (bird)
influenza (flu) Type A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild
aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and
animal species. Avian flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However,
sporadic human infections with avian flu viruses have occurred.
Caused by AH5N1 virus, a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause
illness in humans and many other animal species
and avian influenza A(H7N9) is a subtype of influenza viruses that have been
detected in birds in the past. This particular A(H7N9) virus had not
previously been seen in either animals or people until it was found in March
2013 in China.

AH5N1 Virus
The spread of avian influenza A viruses from one ill person to another has
been reported very rarely, and has been limited, inefficient and not
sustained. However, because of the possibility that avian influenza A viruses
could change and gain the ability to spread easily between people,
monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is
extremely important for public health.
The reported signs and symptoms of low pathogenic avian
influenza* (LPAI) A virus infections in humans have ranged
from conjunctivitis to influenza-like illness (e.g., fever,
cough, sore throat, muscle aches) to lower respiratory
disease (pneumonia) requiring hospitalization.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A virus
infections in people have been associated with a wide range
of illness from conjunctivitis only, to influenza-like illness,
to severe respiratory illness (e.g. shortness of breath,
difficulty breathing, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress,
viral pneumonia, respiratory failure) with multi-organ A(H7N9) Virus
disease, sometimes accompanied by nausea, abdominal
pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sometimes neurologic changes
(altered mental status, seizures).
Currently, the best way to prevent infection with avian influenza A viruses is
to avoid sources of exposure whenever possible. Most human infections with
avian influenza A viruses have occurred following direct close or prolonged
contact with sick or dead infected poultry. Infected birds shed avian influenza
virus in their saliva, mucous and feces. Human infections with bird flu viruses
can happen when enough virus gets into a person's eyes, nose or mouth, or is
inhaled.
For those infected by Avian Flu, CDC currently recommends oseltamivir,
peramivir, or zanamivir for treatment of human infection with avian Influenza
A viruses. Analyses of available avian influenza viruses circulating worldwide
suggest that most viruses are susceptible to oseltamivir, peramivir, and
zanamivir. However, some evidence of antiviral resistance has been reported
in HPAI Asian H5N1 viruses and influenza A H7N9 viruses isolated from some
human cases. Monitoring for antiviral resistance among avian influenza A
viruses is crucial and ongoing.

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