General Chemistry

Final Exam
Presentation
Muhammad Aris bin Mat Subril
Mechanical Engineering
12170125
1. Formal Charge
2. RESONANCE STRUCTURE
3. Molecular Polarity Using VSEPR Theory
Formal Charge
 The charge assigned to an atom in a
molecule, assuming that electrons in a
chemical bond are shared equally between
atoms. This helps determine which of a few
Lewis structures is most correct

Formal charge of atom =

# valence e- - (# unshared electrons + (1/2 x
shared electrons)
Nitric Acid (HNO3)
Valence electron .
H= 1
N=5
O =6x3
=24 Formal
Charge
 Nitric acid Formal charge of H
..
O:
..
H O
.. N

.. :
:O

Hydrogen shares 2 electrons with oxygen.

Assign 1 electron to H and 1 to O.
A neutral hydrogen atom has 1 electron.
Therefore, the formal charge of H in nitric
acid is 0.
 Nitric acid
..
Formal charge of O O:
..
H O .. N

.. :
:O
Oxygen has 4 electrons in covalent
bonds.
Assign 2 of these 4 electrons to O.
Oxygen has 2 unshared pairs. Assign all 4
of these electrons to O.
Therefore, the total number of electrons
assigned to O is 2 + 4 = 6.
 Nitric acid
..
O:
Formal charge of O ..
H O .. N

.. :
:O

Electroncount of O is 6.
A neutral oxygen has 6 electrons.
Therefore, the formal charge of oxygen is
0.
 Nitric acid
.. Formal charge of O
O:
..
H O
.. N

.. :
:O

Electroncount of O is 6 (4 electrons from

unshared pairs + half of 4 bonded
electrons).
A neutral oxygen has 6 electrons.
Therefore, the formal charge of oxygen is
0.
 Nitric acid
..
O:
..
H O
.. N
:O : Formal charge of O
..
Electroncount of O is 7 (6 electrons from
unshared pairs + half of 2 bonded
electrons).
A neutral oxygen has 6 electrons.
Therefore, the formal charge of oxygen is
-1.
 Nitric acid
..
O:
..
H O N Formal charge of N
..
:O :
..
Electron count of N is 4 (half of 8 electrons
in covalent bonds).
A neutral nitrogen has 5 electrons.
Therefore, the formal charge of N is +1.
RESONANCE STRUCTURE
 Formate ion (CH02-)
FC = 6-(6+1/2(2)) = -1

FC = 6-(6+1/2(2)) = -1
Shape C

4-(0+1/2(6))= +1

Formal charge of atom =

valence e- - (unshared electrons + (1/2 x shared electrons)
Are these 3 can be considered as
Resonance structure of FORMATE ION?
What is Resonance structure?
Equivalents structures of molecule with
o Same connections of atom
o Same number of electron
o Same overall charge
 In resonance structures, the electrons are able to move to help
stabilize the molecule. This movement of the electrons is
called delocalization.
Best Structure
1. Obey Octets and Duets Rule
2. Few formal charge
3. Small separation of charge
4. Greatest electron density on the most electronegative
atom
Best Structure
1. Obey Octets and Duets
Rule

2. Few formal charge

3. Small separation of
charge

4. Greatest electron density

on the most
electronegative atom
Molecular Polarity
Using VSEPR Theory
Polarity
A bond is considered polar when one atom in a bond is more
electronegativity than other.
Dipole
one side of a bond has a greater
electron density than the other
 Molecular Polarity
One of the most important and far-reaching effects of molecular
shape
influence melting and boiling points, solubility, chemical
reactivity, and even biological function.
 An increase in polarity results greater attraction between
molecules.
This happens because an increase in polarity results in a greater
separation of positive and negative charge across a molecule.
Larger + and - dipoles means the electrostatic attraction
between molecules is stronger and more energy is required for
these physical bonds to be broken. Thus increased polarity
results in an increased boiling point.
Steric Number
Steric number is the number of atoms bonded to a central atom
of a molecule plus the number of lone pairs attached to the
central atom. The steric number of a molecule is used in VSEPR
(valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory to determine the
molecular geometry of a molecule
You can find the hybridization of an atom by finding its steric
number:
The steric number = the number of atoms bonded to the atom +
the number of lone pairs the atom has.

If the steric number is 4, the atom is sp3 hybridized.

If the steric number is 3, the atom is sp2 hybridized.
If the steric number is 2, the atom is sp hybridized.
 If a molecule is completely symmetric, then the dipole moment
vectors on each molecule will cancel each other out, making
the molecule non polar.
A molecule can only be polar if the structure of that molecule is
not symmetric.
 Even a molecule with polar
bonds may NOT be polar if the
dipole moments cancel out.

E.g ; Carbon Tetrafluoride

Hybridization : sp3
Steric number : 4
+
+
tetrahedral
+ +
Tetrahedral shape canceled out
the dipole moments because it is
symmetric .

Carbon Tetrafluoride is non polar

 Hybridization : sp2
Steric number : 3
Linear shape canceled out the dipole moments because it is
symmetric .
CO2 is non polar
 Hybridization : sp3
Steric number : 4
Bent shape not canceled out the dipole moments because it is
assymmetric .
H20 is polar
Steric Shape Lone Spesific Bond Structure
number pair Shape Angle
Is NH3 is Polar
1) Draw the Lewis Structure

A) Valence Electron :

1 N = 1 x 5e = 5e

3 H = 3 x 1e = 3e

=8e

2) Determine the bond polarity .

EN of H = 2.20
Steric Shape Lone pair Spesific Bond Structure
EN of N = 3.04 number Shape Angle

EN different : 3.04-2.20 = 0.84

3) Determine its shape

a) Hybridization : sp3

b) Steric Number: 4
= POLAR
c) Lone pair : 1
Thank You for Your Kind Attention!
END