Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BY
N.NITYA KRISHNA
2ND YEAR POSTGRADUATE
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
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CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Definitions
General principles of administration
Principles of Administration In Dental Public Health
1. Administrative organization
2. Executive management
Conclusion
References
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INTRODUCTION
The Dentist with a leadership role - principles by which large
enterprises are administered, whether by the governmental
or private.
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History
1491 B.C. Moses - During the exodus from Egypt Moses followed the
recommendation of Jethro, his father-in-law, that he delegate authority over the
tribes of Israel along hierarchical lines.
325 B.C. Alexander the Great - Applied the principle of line and staff to help
conquer most of the known world.
284 A.D. Diocletian - First Roman emperor to rule through genuine delegation of
authority and chain of command. He divided the empire into 101 provinces,
grouped into 13 dioceses; the dioceses, in turn, were organized into four major
geographic divisions.
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1810 Robert Owen - Recognized need for training workers and other personnel
practices.
1850 John Stuart Mill - Explained concepts such as span of control, unity of
command, and wage incentives.
Administration
Is the direction, coordination & control of many persons to achieve some purpose
or objective.
L.D.White
Management
Means to forecast, and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to
control
Henry Fayol
Organization
Is the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed, defining and
delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the
purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing
objectives.
Louis Allen
General Principles Of Administration
According to Henry fayol,
Administration comprises of 14 elements:
1. Division of Work
2. Authority, Responsibility and Accountability
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain of Command or Hierarchy
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure
13. Initiative
14. Espirit de Corps (Union is strength) 7
Principles of Administration In Dental Public
Health
There are 2 main areas into which administrative work may be divided:
1. Organization- which deals with the structure of an agency and the way
people are arranged into working groups within it.
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Administrative Organization
Well - established principles of organization- essential
Dentist - armed forces-characteristic of military life.
1. Centralized authority
2. Span of control
3. Delegation
4. Autonomy
5. Budgeting
6. Grantsmanship
7. Expenses
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Centralized authority
Top- position of executive responsibility
Executive-plan work-perspective
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Span of control
Foreman of group- 20 or 30 people- same
operation
Functions of executive
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Delegation
The larger the enterprise the more work-to direct it
and operate it
Necessary work, authority, responsibility and the
pride and the credit that go with it.
According to Dimock
1. It is generally agreed that in order to obtain best
results, the authority must equal the responsibility
vested in a person when delegation is made.
Not only are workers human beings and to be treated as such, but they are also a
part of the enterprise to which they have sold their labor.
Advantages
Dentist has an independence
Disadvantages
It impairs coordination- cases involving maxillofacial surgeries.
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Techniques Of Executive Control
Larger the organization-more detailed techniques.
Certain techniques-small units- dental public health.
.
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Budgeting
Public health dentist-less concern with the process of budgeting.
It has been called a plan of work with dollar signs attached.
Preparation of the budget forces an executive to define first the objective of the
enterprise and then the basic units which will compose it.
Budget when completed , will describe the enterprise to the public, not in full
perspective, but at least in terms of the most important medium through which
public support is rendered.
Grants provide money and other resources to aid and assist organizations
Agencies and governments offer the opportunity to receive funding for specific
types of studies and research each year to individuals, public agencies, schools,
non-profit organizations, and corporations.
The person who writes the grant is called the grant writer.
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Experimental - After explaining each experiment,
restate the point of completing this activity and
main purpose.
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Expenses
Expense budgets are usually constructed in terms of salaries for
personnel, together with appropriate retirement allowances and sums of
money.
COST-ACCOUNTING
Attempts to allocate appropriate costs to the different functions.
A dental health service estimate money-health education, case
finding, restorative dentistry and administration.
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Cost- Benefit Analysis
The economic benefits of any programme are compared with the cost of that
programme. The benefits are expressed in monetary terms to determine
whether a given programme is economically sound, and to select the best out
of several alternate programmes.
The total cost of a disease per case is estimated both directly (in terms of the
cost of treating it) and indirectly (in terms of the money lost to the patient
and to society as a result of the ensuing disability)
The net benefit to society is the gross cost of the disease, less the cost of
control or eradication.
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Cost Effective Analysis
It is similar to cost-benefit analysis except that benefit, instead of being
expressed in monetary terms is expressed in terms of results achieved.
2. Parkinsons law work expands so as to fill the time available for its
completion.
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Executive Management
Executive management-active and interesting experience in human relations.
Personnel management-worker-in-his-work-unit.
Attempts to measure the interest of the employee in his job inevitably call for an
analysis of incentives most educated people find in their work.
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Executive management deals with
1. Program evaluation
2. Consultation work
3. Qualification and training of personnel
4. The executive
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Program Evaluation
Any health service-initial planning effort
Questionnaires-valuable.
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Consultation Work
A consultant is a professional who provides expert advice
but no authority to give orders.
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Qualifications and Training of Personnel
The field of dental public health can be approached through various channels
of education and accreditation.
With this preparation the dentist should qualify for a wide range of health care
administrative and teaching assignments.
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Top level dental public health-certification American Board of Dental Public
Health.
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Dental hygienists- clinical assignments-certification -2 years of training.
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The Executive
No complete listing-charactrisitcs
a) Good executive
b) Control techniques that might be expected to employ.
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Important to remember peoples names and to make them feel at ease-
complete cooperation
The executive does his most effective work when the sub executive has
contributed everything of which he is capable of and need extra 5% of
knowledge and leadership with which to turn out a workmanlike job.
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Communication-characteristic feature
Barnards four requirements for an authoritative communication are:
1. Communication must be understood
2. Must seem consistent with the purposes of the organization at the time
3. Compatible with the personal interest of the recipient at the time
4. If its an order-the recipient mentally and physically able to comply.
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A subordinate should never be criticized.
The person taken to task is thinking so much of the effect this criticism will
have upon his standing among his peers that his resentment blocks his
understanding of the criticism.
It also helps apologize afterward when one has been forced to correct a
subordinate in public, and to reach an understanding with the employee so
that the situation will not occur in the future.
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Responsibility of an executive-
Every executive possesses- personal moral codes.
1. The government code applying to his company, that is, the laws, charter,
provisions, etc.;
2. Obedience to the general purpose and general methods including the
established systems of objective authority.
3. The general purpose of his department
4. The general moral standards of his subordinates
5. The technical situation as a whole
6. The code of the informal executive organization
7. The code that is suggested in the phrase the good of the organization as
a whole;
8. The code of the informal organization of the department;
9. The technical requirements of the department as a whole
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CONCLUSION
Administration is a combination of purpose and means of achievement of
that purpose.
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References
Dunning JM. Principles of dental public health. 4th ed. London: Harvard
University Press; 1986.p.208-229.
Starling G. Managing the public sector. 9th ed. Wadsworth: Suzanne Jeans;
2010.p. 1-16.
Godfrey PC, Mahoney JT. The functions of the executive at 75: An invitation
to reconsider a timeless classic. J Manag Inq 2014 Oct;23(4): 360-72.
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