Physics for Technical Students I

Chapter 18 & 19:

More about Ideal gases
Pressure, temperature and RMS speed
Translational kinetic energy
 Summary
pressure i
Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Volume
Consider process i f . and V contant.
f
The work W done by the gas is W pdV 0.
volume
Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Pressure
pressure

Consider process i f . and P contant.

i f The work W done by the gas is
Vf Vf

volume W pdV p dV p V
Vi Vi
f Vi .

Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Temperature

i Consider process i f . and T contant.
pressure

Vf

W pdV . From the ideal gas law we have that

f Vi
V V
nRT
f
nRT
f
dV V
volume p W dV nRT nRT ln f
V Vi
V Vi
V Vi
Sample problem 19-2: One mole of oxygen expands at a constant
temperature T of 310 K from an initial volume Vi of 12 L to a final volume
Vf of 19 L. How much work is done by the gas during the expansion.

We calculated W for isothermal expansion

W = nRT ln (Vf /VI)

W = (1 mole)(8.31J/mole K)(310K) ln(19/12)

W = 1180 J
19-6: A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0 0C and 100 kPa occupies a
volume of 2.50 m3. (a) How many moles of the gas are present?
(b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature
to 30.0 0C, how much volume does the gas occupy?

(a) n
pV

100 10 Pa 2.50m
3 3

106 moles
RT 8.31J / mol K 283K

p fVf Tf
(b)
piVi Ti
pi T f
V f Vi 3
p T
0.892 m
f i
19-9: Suppose 1.80 mole of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of
3.00 m3 to a volume of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30
0C. (a)How much energy is transferred as heat during the

compression, and (b) is the transfer to or from the gas?

Use Eqn. 19-45 Eint Q W

E int nCV T Q W
But T=0 Eqn 19-14
E int 0 V f
W nRT ln
Vi

V f
Q =nRT ln
Vi
1.8
Q 1.80 8.31J / mol.K 273 30 K ln
3
Q 3 /14 x103 J
19-11: Suppose 0.825 mol of an ideal gas
undergoes an isothermal expansion as energy is
added to it as heat Q. The figure shows the final
volume Vf versus Q, what is the gas temperature ?
(The scale of the vertical axis is set by Vfs=0.30
m3, and the scale of the horizontal axis by
Qs=1200 J).

Remember Eint =0 This Eqn applies anywhere

Eint Q W 0; Q W V f
Q nRT ln
Eqn 19-14 Vi
V f Pick a point on graph
Q nRT ln
Vi
Q 1000 J : V f 0.30m3
V f
Q nRT ln with Vi 0.20m3
Vi
T 360 K
19-15: A sample of an ideal gas is taken through
the cyclic process abca shown in the figure. The
scale is pb= 7.5 kPa and pac=2.5 kPa. At point a,
T=200 K. (a) How many moles of gas are in the
sample? What are (b) the temperature of the gas at
point b, (c) the temperature of the gas at point c,
and (d) the net energy added to the gas as heat
during the cycle?

(a) We know everything a point a

pV 2500 Pa 1.0m3 (c) Use Ideal Gas Law (ratios)
n
RT 8.31J / molK 200 K pcVc Tc

n 1.5mol. paVa Ta
Tc 600K
(b) Use Ideal Gas Law (ratios) (d) Energy added: E int 0
pbVb Tb Q W

paVa Ta
1
Tb 1.8x10 3 K Q base height 5000 J
2
 Pressure, Temperature, & RMS speed
Assume the collision of the gas molecule with the wall is
elastic then:
px (mvx ) (mvx ) 2mvx

The molecule travels to the back wall, collides and comes back. The time it takes is 2L/vx.

p 2mvx mvx2

But the pressure is F/A t 2 L / vx L
Fx 1 n mvxi2 m n 2
p 2 3 vxi If we calculated the average velocity (vx2 )avgand
A L i 1 L L i 1 use the fact that the number in the sum is nNA
then:
v 2 vx2 vy2 vz2
p
nmN A 2
(vx )avg
nM (vx2 )avg
2
vrms (v 2 ) avg
L 3
V v
vx2
nM (v 2 )avg nMvrms 2 3

3V 3V RMS = Root-Mean-Square
M ---Molar mass
 RMS Speeds

We have p

nM v 2
ave
3V

For ideal gas pV = nRT

1/2 1/2
3 pV 3nRT
vrms
nM nM

3RT
vrms
M

The RMS velocity depends on:

Molar mass & Temperature

Problem 19-3: Here are five numbers: 5, 11, 32, 67, and 89.
(a) What is the average value navg?
(b) What is the rms value nrms of the numbers?

(a)

5 11 32 67 89
navg 40.8
5

(b)

1 n 2 5 2 112 32 2 67 2 89 2
(n 2 )avg ni 2714.41
n i 1 5
(n 2 )avg 52.1
Problem 19-18: Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms at 1000K.
Helium has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, what is the molar mass?

Appendix F: M 4.00 x103 kg / mol

Use Eqn 19-22
3RT
vrms
M

3RT 3 8,31J / molK 1000 K

vrms 3
2.50 x103
m/s
M 4.00 10 kg / mol
Translational Kinetic Energy 3kT
2
K avg
The kinetic energy of a gas molecule K
mv
. 2
2
mv 2 2
mvrms
Its average kinetic energy K avg .
2 avg 2
m 3RT 3RT
Thus K avg .
2 M 2NA
3kT
We finally get: K avg
2

At a given temperature T all ideal gas molecules, no matter what their mass,
have the same average translational kinetic energy. When we measure the
temperature of a gas, we are also measuring the average translational
kinetic energy of its molecules.
Problem 19-26: What is the average translational kinetic
energy of nitrogen molecules at 1600 K?

Average Kinetic energy is

3
K avg kT
2

3 3
K avg
2 2

kT 1.38x10 23 J 1600K 3.31x10 20 J
 Molar Specific Heat: Monatomic Ideal Gas
Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Wby=0)
Q nCV T & Wby 0

Eint Q nCV T Always true if
V = constant

E int n32 RT nCV T Q

3
CV , monatomic R 12.5J/mol K
2
For any monoatomic ideal gas, the molar
specific heat at constant volume is just a
universal constant.
Molar Specific Heat: Monatomic ideal gas
Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Wby=0)

Eint Q nCV T Always true for const. V

3
CV ,monatomic R 12.5 J/mol K
2

Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (Wby=pV)
E int Q W nCp T pV
nCV T nCp T nRT

CV C p R or C p CV R


5
C p,monatomic R 20.8 J/mol K
2
Molecular Specific heat Constant Volume CV

Eint nCV T
A change in internal energy of a
confined ideal gas depends on the
gas temperature only.

For monoatomic case:

3
CV ,monatomic R 12.5 J/mol K
2

3
Eint nRT (Monoatomic gas only)
2
 Work Done by Isothermal (T = 0)
Expansion/Compression of Ideal Gas
On p-V graph, the green lines are isotherms
each green line corresponds to a system at a constant temperature.

From ideal gas law, this means that for a given isotherm:
1
pV constant p nRT Relates p and V
V

gas is then:
The work done by the V f
Wby,isothermal nRT ln
T =0 Vi
Vf Vf
nRT V
dV f

p
Wby pdV


d

V nRT
Vi Vi
V V V i
nRT ln i
p f