Comparative Anatomy

Vertebrate Classification
Fish Evolution

Note Set 3
Chapter 3
 Vertebrate Classification

Figure 4.1

Geological eras of early

vertebrates
Paleozoic (oldest)
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
 Cambrian Period
Ostracoderms- first vertebrates,
shell skinned
Class Agnatha- jawless fish
(a)
No paired fins
Bony exoskeleton with

dermal armor
Ex: hagfish and lampreys (b)

Figure 4.2: (a) ostracoderm, (b) ostracoderm,

(c) and (c) lamprey.

Jawed fish evolved from

Ostracoderms in Silurian period
 Lower vs. Higher Organisms

Echinoderm-like
organism
(deuterostomes) gave rise
(a)
to vertebrates
Deuterostomes-
blastopore gives rise to
anus
Protostomes- blastopore
gives rise to mouth
(b)
Figure 4.3- (a) protostomes and (b) deuterostomes.
 Placoderms

Class Placodermii
Jawed and paired fins
Bony dermal
exoskeleton; armored
fish Figure 4.4- Armored fish

1st jaws were large

Jawed fishes gave rise to
all other fishes Figure 4.5- mandibular (ma) and hyoid (hy) arches
develop in gnathostomes into palatoquadrate (pq)
Age of fishes- Devonian and Meckels (Mc) cartilages
Period
 Fish Evolution

(a) (b)

Figure 4.6: (a) jawless fish, (b)

early jawed fish, and (c) modern
jawed fish (c)
 Placoderms

Anadromous- fish move

to freshwater to breed
Catadromous- fish move
from freshwater to breed
Hypothesized function
of bone- to provide
calcium for muscle
contraction

Figure 4.7: Craniates through geological time.

 Fish

Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous
skeleton
Bone remains in
scales- placoid scales
Teeth are modified
scales
Ex: sharks, rays,
Figure 4.8: Shark
skates
 Tail Type
Heterocercal- vertebral axis curves
upward; two asymmetrical lobes
(dorsal portion larger)
More primitive, some bony fish
Ex: sharks
Homocercal- symmetrical dorsal and
ventral lobes
Most common
Ex: perch
Diphycercal- spear shaped
Ex: lungfish, crossepterygians
Figure 4.9
 Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Actinopterygii
(ray-finned)
Chondrostei- most primitive;
heterocercal tail
Ex: sturgeon, paddlefish,
Polypterus
Holostei- dominant in past;
heterocercal tail
Ex: gar, bowfin Figure 4.10- us lionfish (actinopterygian).

Teleostei- dominant today;

homocercal tail
Majority of all fish
 Figure 4.11

Evolutionary relationship of vertebrates with

jaws (gnathostomata) to those with bony
skeleton (osteichthyes)
 Class Osteichthyes
Subclass Sarcopterygii
(fleshy or lobe finned)
3 genera of lungfish appeared
on 3 separate continents
Continental Drift
Torpidity- inactivity;
hibernation
Aestivation- burrow through
dry season Figure 4.12: Aestivation; fish burrows into
Order Dipnoi mud until rain returns.

Order Crossopterygii
 Order Crossopterygii
Living fossil
Species thought to be
extinct until coelacanth
(Latimeria)
Found off coast of South
Africa in 1938
Separate species discovered
off Indonesia in 1999

Figure 4.13: Global locations of

coelacanth discoveries.
 Coelacanth

Figure 4.14: Coelacanth in Indian Ocean.

 Coelacanth

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16- Africas Sunday Times.

 Figure 4.17: Labyrinthodont

Crossopterygiians (lobe-finned fish) gave rise to

Labyrinthodonts (early amphibians)
in Devonian Period
 Linking Evidence
Skulls
Parietal foramen
Crossoterygii skull
shows place for third
eye
Third (pineal) eye Figure 4.18: Crossopterygii skull.
visible in young
tuatara reptiles
Tooth structure
Labyrinthodont tooth

Figure 4.19: Grooved tooth.

 Linking Evidence
Limbs evolved
Vertebrae
Girdles similar
Fins skeletal
composition exhibits
homology with early
amphibians
Figure 4.20
Amphibian diversity
during Carboniferous
period
Toward reptiles, Anura,
Caudata, and Apoda
Figure 4.21
 Amphibian Characteristics
1st to possess cervical vertebrae
Lost scales
Primitive frogs have dermal scales
Anamniotic eggs
3 chambered heart
Metamorphosis
10 pairs of cranial nerves
2 occipital condyles
 Apoda

Caecilians
Long and slim;
segmented rings
Dermal bones (scales)
embedded in annuli
Figure 4.22
 Literature Cited
Figure 4.1- http://custance.org/Library/Volume2/Part_V/Chapter2.html
Figure 4.2(a)- http://www.alientravelguide.com/science/biology/life/ostracod.htm
Figure 4.2(b)- http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/courses/bio204/lab5_photos.htm
Figure 4.2(c)-http://www.ohiodnr.com/dnap/rivfish/ohiolamp.html
Figure 4.3- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002.
Figure 4.4- http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/placodermi.html
Figure 4.5- http://www.origins.tv/darwin/jaws.htm
Figure 4.6- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html
Figure 4.7- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed.
McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 4.8- http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F04_17.html
Figure 4.9- http://departments.juniata.edu/biology/vertzoo/fish_lab.htm
Figure 4.10- http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/vertevol.html
Figure 4.11- http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/eltsite01/reading/eltsysex/sysq6.gif
Figure 4.12- http://malawicichlids.com/mw11001a.htm
Figure 4.14- Gorr, Thomas and Traute Kleinschmidt. Evolutionary Relationships of the Coelacanth.
American Scientist. Vol. 81, No. 1: Sigma Xi, 1993.
Figure 4.13 &115- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/302368.stm
Figure 4.16- http://www.suntimes.co.za/specialreports/zimbabwe/?MenuItem=s0
Figure 4.17- http://faculty.uca.edu/~benw/biol4402/lecture8c/img016.jpg
Figure 4.18- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.html
Figure 4.19- http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/biomedia/gallery/labyrinthodont.htm
Figure 4.20- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html
Figure 4.21- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes1.htm
Figure 4.22- http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/aw/lists/Caeciliidae.shtml