Computer -- Hardware

Input Output
Key board Storage Program Storage Area
Storage Monitor
Mouse Area Area Printer
Working Storage Area
Input Devices Output Devices
Primary or Main Memory (RAM)

Register 1
Register 2 Arithmetic
and

Register N
Logic Unit
Micro Processor

Secondary Storage Devices

Algorithm: Step by step procedure of solving a particular problem.
Pseudo code: Artificial informal language used to develop algorithms.
Flow chart: Graphical representation of an algorithm.
Algorithm to find whether a number even or odd:
Step1: Begin Step1: START
Step2: Take a number Step2: Read num
Step3: if the number is divisible by2 then Step3: if(num%2=0) then
print that number is even print num is even
otherwise print that number is odd otherwise
print num is odd
Step4: End Step4: STOP
(Algorithm in natural language) (Algorithm by using pseudo code)

#include<stdio.h> start
#include<conio.h> Flow chart:
main() read num
{
int num;
printf(Enter any number); If No
Yes
scanf(%d,&num); num%2=0
if(num%2==0)
printf(%d is even,num);
else print num print num
printf(%d is odd,num); is odd
is even
}
(Program in C language) stop
 Flow chart symbols
Oval Terminal

Parallegram Input/output

Rectangle Process

Document Hard copy

Diamond Decision

Circle Connector

Double sided Rectangle Sub program

Hexagon Iteration

Trapezoid Manual Operation

Cylinder Magnetic Disk Storage

 Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

1 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000 1 entry main,^m<r2>

2 01011110 00001100 11000010 0000000000000010 2 sub12 #12,sp
3 11101111 00010110 0000000000000101 3 jsb C$MAIN_ARGS
4 11101111 10111110 0000000000001011 4 moveb $CHAR_STRING_CON
5 11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010 5
6 01100010 11011111 0000000000010101 6 pusha1 -8(fp)
7 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111 7 pusha1 (r2)
8 11110100 10101101 11011111 0000000000011110 8 calls #2,SCANF
9 00000011 10100010 11011111 0000000000100001 9 pusha1 -12(fp)
10 11101111 00000010 11011111 0000000000100100 10 pusha1 3(r2)
11 01111110 11110100 10101101 11 calls #2,SCANF
12 11111000 10101110 11000101 0000000000101011 12 mull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),-
13 00000110 10100010 11111011 0000000000110001 13 pusha 6(fp)
14 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100 14 calls #2,PRINTF
15 01010000 11010100 0000000000111011 15 clrl r0
16 00000100 0000000000111101 16 ret

1 #include<stdio.h>
2 int main(void)
The only language the computer can understand is machine
3 { language (binary language).
4 int n1, n2,product;
5 printf(Enter two numbers : ); A high level language is an English like language where one
6 scanf(%d %d,&n1,&n2); instruction typically translates into a series of machine-
7 product = n1 * n2; language instructions.
8 printf(%d,product);
9 return 0;
A low level language corresponds closely to machine code
1 }
0
so that a single low-level language instruction translates to a
single machine language instruction.
 Language Translation
Translator Assembler
is a computer program that reads a Assembler is a software or a tool
program written in one language, that translates Assembly language
which is called the source to machine code.
language, and translates it in to
another language, which is called
the target language.

Assembler Compiler
Compiler is a program that
Compiler translates High level language
such as programs written in C,
C++ to machine code
 Difference between Compiler and
Interpreter
No Compiler Interpreter
Interpreter Takes Single instruction as
1 Compiler Takes Entire program as input
input .

2 Intermediate Object Code is Generated No Intermediate Object Code is Generated

Conditional Control Statements are Conditional Control Statements are

3
Executes faster Executes slower

Memory Requirement : More(Since

4 Memory Requirement is Less
Object Code is Generated)

Every time higher level program is

5 Program need not be compiledevery time
converted into lower level program

Errors are displayed after entire Errors are displayed for every
6
program is checked instruction interpreted (if any)

Example : C Compiler [Eg. cc, gcc, Example : Python Interpreter (Eg. IDLE,
7
ANSI C, Borland C, etc.] etc.)
 Structure of C program
/*Program to find
Documentation/Comment Section
area and perimeter of Circle */
#include<stdio.h> Linkage/header file Section
#define PI 3.1415 Definition Section
float radius;
float area(); Global Declaration Section
float perimeter();
int main()
{
float a, p; Main Function Section
printf(Enter radius : );
scanf(%f,&radius); Local Declaration Part
a = area(); Executable Code Part
p = perimeter();
printf(Area of Circle : %f,a);
printf(Perimeter : %f,p);
}
float area()
Sub Program Section
{
return (PI * radius * radius);
Function1()
}
Function2()
float perimeter()

{
FunctionN()
return (2 * PI * radius);
}
Preprocessor Directives
 Compilation & Linking
header file
source file stdio.h
helloworld.c
#include <stdio.h>

compiler

object file helloworld.o

linker

executable file
Helloworld.exe

9
 Program Development Steps
1)Statement of Problem
a) Working with existing system and using proper
questionnaire, the problem should be explained
clearly.
b) What inputs are available, outputs are required
and what is needed for creating workable solution
should be understood clearly.
2)Analysis
a) The method of solutions to solve the problem can
be identified.
b) We also judge that which method gives best
results among different methods of solution.
3)Designing
a) Algorithms and flow charts will be prepared.
b) Keep focus on data, architecture, user interfaces
and program components.
4)Implementation
The algorithms and flow charts developed in the
previous steps are converted into actual programs in
the high level languages like C.
4.a)Compilation
Translate the program into machine code. This
process is called as Compilation. Syntactic errors are
found quickly at the time of compiling the program.
These errors occur due to the usage of wrong syntaxes
for the statements.
Eg: x=a*y+b
There is a syntax error in this statement, since, each
and every statement in C language ends with a
semicolon (;).
4.b)Execution
The next step is Program execution. In this phase, we
may encounter two types of errors.
Runtime Errors: these errors occur during the
execution of the program and terminates the program
abnormally.
Logical Errors: these errors occur due to incorrect
usage of the instructions in the program. These errors
are neither detected during compilation or execution
nor cause any stoppage to the program execution but
produces incorrect ouz
 Executing a C program
#include<stdio.h>
Text int main()
{ Translators are system software
Editor . prog1.c used to convert high-level
language program into
C-compiler compiles
machine-language code.
Compiler : Coverts the entire
010110 100 Syntax Yes source program at a time
. Errors?
01011 101 into object code file, and
No saves it in secondary storage
Object machine code permanently. The same
adds prog1.obj object machine code file will
Linker
be executed several times,
00101010
Executable whenever needed.
.
01010101 machine code Interpreter : Each statement of
prog1.exe source program is translated
machine code of
library file into machine code and
Executes executed immediately.
C-Runtime
Translation and execution of
Feeds
Runtime
each and every statement is
Input Yes repeated till the end of the
or Logic
Errors ? program. No object code is
saved. Translation is
repeated for every execution
Output of the source program.
 Character Set of C-Language
Alphabets : A-Z and a-z
Digits : 0-9
Special Symbols : ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - + = | \ { } [ ] : ;
<>,.?/
White Spaces : space , Horizontal tab, Vertical tab, New Line
Form Feed.
C-Language Keywords
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
inline
 C-Tokens
Tokens : The smallest individual units of a C- program are called Tokens.
Key words, Identifiers, Constants, Operators, Delimiters.
Key words : have a predefined meaning and these meanings cannot be
changed. All keywords must be written in small letters.
Identifiers : names of variables, functions, structures, unions, macros, labels,
arrays etc.,
Rules for define identifiers :
a) First character must be alphabetic character or under score
b) Second character onwards alphabetic character of digit or under
score.
c) First 63 characters of an identifier are significant.
d) Cannot duplicate a key word.
e) May not have a space or any other special symbol except under
score.
f) C language is Case-sensitive.
 C-Tokens
Constants : fixed values that do not change during execution of a program.
Boolean constants : 0 ( false) and 1 (true)
Character constants :
only one character enclosed between two single quotes
( except escape characters ).
Integer constants : +123, -3454 , 0235 (octal value),
0x43d98 ( hexa - decimal value)
54764U, 124356578L, 124567856UL
Float constants : 0.2 , 876.345, .345623 , 23.4E+8, 47.45e+6
String Constants : Hello world , Have a nice day!
Complex Constants : real part + imaginary part * I ex : 12.3 + 3.45 * I
Operators : a symbol, which indicates an operation to be performed.
Operators are used to manipulate data in program.
Delimiters : Language Pattern of c-language uses special kind of symbols
: (colon, used for labels) ; (semicolon terminates statement ) ( ) parameter list
[ ] ( array declaration and subscript ), { } ( block statement )
# ( hash for preprocessor directive ) , (comma variable separator )
 printf() & scanf() functions
Returned values of printf() and scanf()

In C,
printf() returns the number of characters successfully written on the output
scanf() returns number of items successfully read.

int main()
int main ( ) {
{ char a;
printf(" %d", printf("%s", welcome")); printf("%d",scanf("%c",&a));
return 0 ; return 0;
} }

This program prints welcome 7 Irrespective of the character that user

enters, this program prints 1
 Careful to use scanf()
The basic problem is that scanf() leaves the
newline after the number in the buffer, and
then reads it with %c on the next pass.
This is a good demonstration of why we
need to cautious about to use scanf()
 Conversion/Access/fomat Specifiers
Code Format
%s String of characters (until null zero is reached )
%c Character
%d Decimal integer
%f Floating-point numbers
%e Exponential notation floating-point numbers
%u Unsigned integer
%o Octal integer
%x Hexadecimal integer
%i Signed decimal integer
%p Display a pointer
%hd short integer
%ld long integer
%lf long double
%% Prints a percent sign (%)
 Back Slash ( Escape Sequence) Characters

Code Meaning
\b Backspace/non-erase
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return/clear screen
\t Horizontal tab
\" Double quote
\' Single quote
\\ Backslash
\v Vertical tab
\a Alert/bell sound (speaker beeps)
\? Question mark
 Data Types ( pre-defined )
Type Typical Size in Bits Minimal Range
char 8 127 to 127
unsigned char 8 0 to 255
signed char 8 127 to 127
int 16 or 32 32,767 to 32,767
unsigned int 16 or 32 0 to 65,535
signed int 16 or 32 Same as int
short int 16 32,767 to 32,767
unsigned short int 16 0 to 65,535
signed short int 16 Same as short int
long int 32 2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
long long int 64 (263) to 263 1 (Added by C99)
signed long int 32 Same as long int
unsigned long int 32 0 to 4,294,967,295
unsigned long long int 64 264 1 (Added by C99)
float 32 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
double 64 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
long double 80 3.4e-4932 to 1.1e+4932
void -- data type that not return any value
 Value range of different types
Type Storage size Value range

char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
signed char 1 byte -128 to 127
int 2 or 4 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295
short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
 Data type modifiers in C
Used to change the properties of current properties of
data type. Data type modifiers are classified into
following types.
long
short
unsigned
signed
 Data type modifiers in C

Modifiers are prefixed with basic data types to modify (either increase or
decrease) the amount of storage space allocated to a variable.

For example, storage space for int data type is 4 byte for 32 bit processor.
We can increase the range by using long int which is 8 byte. We can
decrease the range by using short int which is 2 byte.
 Precedence and Associativity of Operators
Precdence Group Operators Associativity
(Highest to Lowest )
(param) subscript etc., ( ) [ ] >. LR
Unary operators - + ! ~ ++ (type) * & sizeof RL
Multiplicative */% LR
Additive + LR
Bitwise shift << >> LR
Relational < <= > >= LR
Equality = = != LR
Bitwise AND & LR
Bitwise exclusive OR ^ LR
Bitwise OR | LR
Logical AND && LR
Logical OR || LR
Conditional ?: RL
Assignment = += = *= /= %= &= ^= RL
|= <<= >>=
Comma , LR
 Pre vs. Post Increment /
Decrement
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int count=10;
printf("\n\n %d",count++);
printf("\n\n %d",++count);
printf("\n\n %d", --count);
printf("\n\n %d",count--);
printf("\n\n %d",count);
return 0;
}
 Conditional/Decision Control
Statements
Simple if
if else
nested if else
If else ladder
if else if else
simple if: Entry if-else: Entry

True Test False

Test True Expression
Expression ?
?
False True Statement-block
True-block False-block
Statements Statements
Next statement
Next statement

/* check a citizen is eligible for voting */ /* print a number is even or odd */

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
int age; int number;
printf(Enter the age : ); printf(Enter a number : );
scanf(%d,&age); scanf(%d, &number);
if(age >= 18) if((number %2) == 0)
printf(Eligible for voting); printf(%d is even number.,number);
getch(); else
} printf(%d is odd number.,number);
}
 nested ifelse: /* check whether a year is leap year or not */
#include<stdio.h>
Entry int main() {
int year;
Test printf("Enter the year ?");
False True
condition1 scanf("%d",&year);
? if((year %100) == 0)
Test {
False True if((year % 400) == 0)
condition2
? printf("%d is leap year.",year);
else
Statement-3 Statement-2 Statement-1 printf("%d is not leap year.",year);
} else {
if((year % 4) == 0)
printf("%d is leap year.",year);
else
Next statement
printf("%d is not leap year.",year);
}
getch();
}
 ifelseif : /* program to print the grade of student */
#include<stdio.h>
Entry int main() {
True
int marks;
Test
condition1 Statement-1 printf("Enter marks ? ");
? scanf("%d", &marks);
False if(marks >= 75)
Test True printf("Distinction");
condition2 Statement-2 else if(marks >= 60)
? printf("First class");
False else if(marks >= 50)
Test True printf("Second class");
conditionN Statement-N else if(marks >= 35)
?
printf("Third class");
Next statement else
printf("Failed");
}
 switch statement : /* program to simulate a simple calculator */
#include<stdio.h>
Entry int main() {
float a,b;
switch char opr;
expression printf("Enter number1 operator number2 : ");
? scanf("%f %c %f",&a,&opr,&b);
switch(opr)
value1 value2 valueN default {
... case '+':
printf("Sum : %f",(a + b));
associate associate associate associate
break;
statement statement statement statement
case '-':
printf("Difference : %f",(a - b));
break;
case '*':
printf("Product : %f",(a * b));
break;
case '/':
Exit printf("Quotient : %f",(a / b));
break;
default:
Next statement printf("Invalid Operation!");
}
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b; Example
char choice;
printf("\nInput 2 numbers:");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

printf("\nEnter your choice:");

scanf("%c",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case '+':
printf("\nAddition:%d",(a+b));
break;
case '-':
printf("\nSubtraction:%d",(a-b));
break;
default:
printf("\nNo such choice available...");
break;
}
return 0;
}
 ?: - Conditional operator
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
int main()
{
{
int num;
int num;
printf("Enter the Number : ");
printf("Enter the Number : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
scanf("%d",&num);
(num%2==0)?printf("Even"):printf("Odd");
flag = ((num%2==0)?1:0);
}
if(flag==0)
printf("\nEven");
else
printf("\nOdd");
}

Syntax:
(Condition) ? stmt 1 : stmt 2
 Loop Control/ Iterative
Statements
while loop
for loop
do-while loop
 Loop Statements
while (Entry controlled ) do-while (Exit controlled )
Entry
Entry

Test False
Condition Body of The loop
?
true Test False
Body of The loop Condition
?
Following Statement True Following Statement
/* average of 5 numbers */
/* sum of 1 to 10 numbers */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
int main() {
int count = 1;
int i = 1,sum = 0;
float x, sum = 0;
while(i<=10){
do {
sum = sum + i;
printf(x = );
i = i + 1;
scanf(%f,&x);
}
sum += x;
printf(Total : %d ,sum);
++ count;
}
} while(count <= 5);
printf(Average = %f , (sum/5))
}
 Do while example

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,i=1;
int sum=0;
printf("\n Enter N:");
scanf("%d",&n);
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
} while(i<=10);

printf("\n Sum of N natural number: %d", sum);

return 0;
}
 for -- Statement Entry

Initialization Statement
Increment Statement

False Test
Condition
?
True
Body of The loop
Following Statement
#include<stdio.h>
/* check whether a number is prime or not */
int main()
#include<stdio.h>
{
int main() {
int n,i;
int n,i,factors = 0;
int sum=0;
printf("Enter a number : ");
printf("\n Enter N:");
scanf("%d",&n);
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if((n % i)==0) ++factors;
{
}
sum=sum+i;
if (factors == 2)
}
printf("%d is prime number.",n);
printf("\n Sum of N natural number: %d",
else
sum);
printf("%d is not prime number.",n);
return 0;
}
}
 Infinite for loop
Syntax:
for( ; ; )
Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
for(;;)
{
printf("\n Hello");
}
return 0;
}

This program will print Hello infinite number of times

 Important Functions in math.h
abs(x) absolute value of integer x
ceil(x) rounds up and returns the smallest integer greater than or
equal to x
floor(x) rounds down and returns the largest integer less than or equal
to x
log(x) returns natural logarithm
pow(x,y) returns the value of xy
sqrt(x) returns square root of x
exp(x) returns natural anti logarithm
sin(x) returns sine value where x in radians
cos(x) returns cosine value where x in radians
tan(x) returns tangent values where x in radians
fmod(x,y) calculate x modulo y, where x and y are double
hypot(x,y) calculate hypotenuse of right angle where x,y are sides.
log10(x) returns logarithm base 10
 Jump Statement
break
continue
goto
 break Statements
break;
break is used in terminating the loop
immediately after it is encountered
Flow diagram of break
 Example
/* C program to demonstrate the working of break statement by terminating a loop, if
user inputs negative number*/
# include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float num,average,sum=0;
int i,n;
printf("Maximum no. of inputs\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;++i){
printf("Enter n%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&num);
if(num<0.0)
break; //for loop breaks if num<0.0
sum=sum+num;
}
average=sum/(i-1);
printf("Average=%.2f",average);
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h> int main() { int i; i = 0; while ( i < 20 ) { i++; continue; printf("Nothing to see\n"); } return 0; }

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<20)
{
i++;
if (i==10)
break;
}
printf("\n%d",i);
return 0;
}
 continue Statements
continue;
It is sometimes desirable to skip some
statements inside the loop. In such cases,
continue statements are used
Flow diagram of continue
 Example
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,num,product;
for(i=1,product=1;i<=4;++i)
{
printf("Enter num%d:",i);
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num==0)
continue; / *In this program, when num equals to zero, it skips the statement product*=num
and continue the loop. */
product*=num;
}
printf("product=%d",product);
return 0;
}

Output: ?
#include<stdio.h> int main() { int i; i = 0; while ( i < 20 ) { i++; continue; printf("Nothing to see\n"); } return 0; }

Predict the output

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
i = 0;
while ( i < 20 )
{
i++;
continue;
printf("Nothing to see\n");
}
printf("\n%d",i);
return 0;
}
Output:

?
 goto statement
Syntax:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
MIT:
goto MITS;
}
MITS: printf("\n Hello...");
goto MIT;
return 0;
}

Output:

Indefinitely prints Hello

 Example
int main()
{
int age;
Vote: Explanation:
printf(\n you are eligible for voting");
Vote and NoVote are labels.
NoVote:
printf(\n you are not eligible to vote"); When the input is >= 18, the goto
printf(\n Enter you age:"); statement is transferring the control
scanf("%d", &age); to label Vote,
if(age>=18)
goto Vote;
else Otherwise it transfers the control to
goto NoVote; label-NoVote.
return 0;
} This prints some unordered
outputs
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age; Explanation:
printf("Enter you age:"); Vote and NoVote are labels.
scanf("%d", &age);
if(age>=18) When the input is >= 18, the goto stateme
goto Vote;
is transferring the control to label Vote,
else
goto NoVote;
Otherwise it transfers the control to label-
Vote: NoVote.
printf("you are eligible for voting");
goto Exit; This prints ordered outputs

NoVote:
printf("you are not eligible to vote");
goto Exit;

Exit:
return 0;
}
 exit() function
C library function
#include<stdlib.h>
Terminates the calling process immediately
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main ()
{
printf("Start of the program....\n");
printf("Exiting the program....\n");
exit(0);
printf("End of the program....\n");
return 0;
}
 Class room Exercise 1
Program to find numbers between 100 and 150 evenly
divisible by 3 [Use for loop & if simple statement]
Program to generate multiplication tables of user choice.
[use any loop]
Program to find the biggest of three numbers. [use nested
if statement]
Program to print the week name for an entered digit [For
instance, if 1 is entered as input, Monday should be
printed as output] [Use switch case statement]
Program for conversion of upper case to lower case
alphabet [use ASCII logic]
 Class room Exercise 2
C program to Print all the even numbers between two
limits. (For instance, if the inputs r1=5, r2=34, output must
be 6, 8, 10, 12,., 30,32,33)
C Program to Check Vowel or consonant [Hint: use switch
case stmt or if statement]
C program to print all the numbers divisible by 6 but not
multiple of 5 between two ranges.
C Program to print N numbers in reverse order [For
instance, if input N=12, the output must be,
12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1]
C Program to Display Fibonacci Sequence
 Class room Exercise 3
C program to find sum of odd numbers between two
ranges.
C program to find sum of even numbers between two
ranges.
C program to print the digits in words from 1 to 99. [use
switch case]
 Example
//Upper to Lower case
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char a,b;
printf("\n Enter a character:");
scanf("%c",&a);
if(a>=65 && a<=90)
b=a+32;
printf("\n %c",b);
return 0;
}
 Homework Exercises

C Program to Check whether a given Number is Armstrong

C Program to Check whether a given Number is Perfect Number
A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of
its proper positive divisors
C Program to Print Armstrong Number from 1 to 1000
C Program to Swap the Contents of two Numbers using Bitwise XOR
Operation
 Perfect Number
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int number, rem, sum = 0, i;
printf("Enter a Number\n");
scanf("%d", &number);
for (i = 1; i <= (number - 1); i++)
{
rem = number % i;
if (rem == 0)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
}
if (sum == number)
printf("Entered Number is perfect number");
else
printf("Entered Number is not a perfect number");
return 0;
}
 Armstrong number
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int number, temp, digit1, digit2, digit3;

printf("Print all Armstrong numbers between 1 and 1000:\n");

number = 001;
while (number <= 900)
{
digit1 = number - ((number / 10) * 10);
digit2 = (number / 10) - ((number / 100) * 10);
digit3 = (number / 100) - ((number / 1000) * 10);
temp = (digit1 * digit1 * digit1) + (digit2 * digit2 * digit2) + (digit3 * digit3 * digit3);
if (temp == number)
{
printf("\n Armstrong no is:%d", temp);
}
number++;
}
}
Swapping Binary number using
XOR operator
#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
long i, k;

printf("Enter two integers \n");

scanf("%ld %ld", &i, &k);
printf("\n Before swapping i= %ld and k = %ld", i, k);
i = i ^ k;
k = i ^ k;
i = i ^ k;
printf("\n After swapping i= %ld and k = %ld", i, k);
}