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Synthetic Polymers in Dentistry

Dr. Affan Ahmad


Department of Dental Biomaterials
Dentures
Restorative materials
Direct > Composites
Indirect > Inlays, Onlays
Impression materials > Silicone
Adhesives
Root Canal Sealers
Impression trays
Athletic mouth protectors etc etc
H
H-C-H
H
H H
H-C-C-H
H H
H H
H-C=C-H
H H
(H - C = C H)n
Monomer + monomer = polymer
Monomer1 + monomer2 = copolymer
Oligomonomer= 2-4 monomers

Poly = many
Mono= single
Mer = unit
Oligo =several
Addition polymerisation:
No by products
Polymer mwt = mwt monomers
Condensation polymerisation:
By products are produced and lost in the final
product
Polymer mwt mwt monomers
Linear or chain polymerisation
Easily manipulated, stretched, bent, thermoplastic, Hard
e.g. fitting surface of acrylic teeth- better binding to
denture base

Branched polymerisation
Easily manipulated, stretched, bent, thermoplastic,
More hard
Cross-linked polymerisation
Strong, stiff, thermoset, wear resistant
E.g. Denture base materials, Occlusal surfaces of
actylic teeth

Coiled chains
Flexible
e.g. impression materials
H-C=C-H
H H

H - C = C C= O
H H OH
H - C = C C= O
H CH3 OH

H - C = C C= O
H CH3 O - CH3
(H - C = C C= O )n
H CH3 O - CH3
Random copolymer: No sequential order exists
among the two (or more) mer units along the
polymer chain.
Block copolymer: Identical monomer units
occur in relatively long sequences along the
main polymer.
Graft or branched copolymer: Sequences of one
type of mer unit are attached as a graft onto a
backbone of a second type of mer unit.
R* + M R M*
R M* + M R M M*
R M M* + M R M M
M* etc.
Where M is Monomer and
R* is initial reactive specie (Initiator)
Provides free radical
e.g. Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO)
Addition polymerisation
Activation
Benzoyl Peroxide

Decomposition > heating (Heat Activation)


> reaction with a chemical activator.
e.g. N, N dimethyl-p-toluidine
> Radiation (Light Activation)
Initiation
RO + M RO M
Propagation
RO M + M RO M M
RO M M + M RO M M M
RO M M M + M RO M M
M M
Termination
The supply of monomer molecules is exhausted.
Other reactions, which may result in the
termination of a polymer chain, compete with the
propagation reaction. These reactions produce
dead polymer chains which are not capable of
further additions. E.g.
RO (M)n M + RO (M)x M
RO (M)n M M (M)x
Same reaction with the other reactant may be the
intitiator, impurity or solvent
Factors influencing the properties of
polymers
Molecular weight
Degree of polymerization

The degree of chain branching or cross-linking.


Crosslinking agents
Difunctional alkenes
e.g. ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Free radical addition polymerization
Anionic or Cationic addition polymerization
e.g. Cationic ring opening
Imines > impression materials
Oxiranes and siloranes > New class of
composites
Condensation Polymerization
Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 Larger molecule +
Byproduct

e.g. production of nylon 6,6.


synthesis of polydimethysiloxane (silicone
rubber)
Physical changes occuring during
polymerization
Phase changes
Gases or Liquids > Amorphous or crystalline
solids
Temperature changes
Exothermic reaction
Dimensional changes
MMA > PMMA 21% volumetic shrinkage
Structure and properties

Factors which control the structure and therefore


the properties of polymers include:
The molecular structure of the repeating units
including the use of copolymers.
The molecular weight or chain length.
The degree of chain branching.
The presence of cross-linking and the crosslink
density.
The presence of plasticizers or fillers.
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the
temperature at which molecular motions
become such that whole chains are able to
move.
Plasticizers lubricate the movements of
polymer chains and are sometimes added to
help moulding characteristics.
E.g. di-n-butylphthalate
lower the Tg and elastic modulus.
The inclusion of particulate or fibrous inorganic
fillers > effect on polymer properties.
The modulus of elasticity and strength are
generally increased.
Fillers are used to increase the hardness of a
resin and improve its resistance to abrasion.
radio-opacity e.g. heavy metal oxides such
as barium or zirconium.

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