CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER 1
SK 026
Assimilation Week
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, student should be able to:-
1. Define atom, molecule and ion
2. Differentiate between element and compound
3. Identify groups and periods for the elements in the periodic
table
4. Identify the position of metals, non-metals and metalloids
in the periodic table
5. State the cations and anions formed from metals and non-
metals
6. Relate the type of elements with the types of bonds formed
7. Write the chemical formula and names of ionic and
covalent compounds.
 ATOMS
Atom:
An atom is the smallest / basic unit of a chemical
element/compound.
Example: Na, Li ,Ne.
 MOLECULES
Molecule
A unit consist of two or more atoms that are
chemically bonded together
There are two types;

diatomic molecule:
Cl2, F2, HCl, O2
polyatomic molecule:
H2O, CO3
 ELEMENTS
Elements is a substances that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by chemical means.
Element consist only one kind of atom.
Element can exist as atoms or molecules.
All elements are listed in Periodic Table.
 COMPOUNDS
Compounds is a substance that contains more
than one element
 Difference between element
and compound
Substances

Elements Compounds

Atom Molecule Ionic Molecule

HCl, SO2,
Na, Mg, Au O2, Cl2, N2 NaCl, MgO
H2O
 Period
Group
 GROUPS

Group 3-12:
Group 1: Group 2: Transition
Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals
Metals
 GROUPS

Lanthanides & Actinides

(radioactive elements)

Group 17: Group 18:

Halogens Noble Gas
METALLOIDS: have properties of both metals and non-metals
 IONS
ION is an atom or molecule that has positive or negative charge
due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Losing an electron
makes a positive or
- negative ion?

Gaining an electron makes

a positive or negative ion? -
 IONS
Cation Anion
a positive charge ion a negative charge ion
formed when a metal atom formed when a non-metal
loses an electron(s). atom gains an electron(s).
Eg: Eg:

Na Na+ Cl Cl-

11 protons 11 protons 17 protons 17 protons

11 electrons 10 17 electrons 18 electrons
electrons
CHEMICAL BONDING
Types of bonds

Ionic Covalent

Polar Nonpolar
Bonds Bonds

CO2 H2
 IONIC BONDING
IONIC BOND: is an attractive forces between positive and
negative ion that holds the together in solid crystals.

METAL-donate electrons
- form +ve ion
NONMETAL-accept electrons
- form -ve ion
 IONIC BONDING
Example: Formation of Ionic Bond

2+ 2-
Ca + O Ca x
x O

Ca atom donate 2 valence electrons to O atom and

form Ca2+
O atom accept 2 electrons to form O2-
The electrostatic forces between positive and
negative charge are called ionic bond
 IONIC BONDING

Ionic substances tend to form crystaline lattices rather

than distinct molecules.
 COVALENT BONDING
COVALENT BOND: is a bond formed by a pair of electrons
shared between two atoms

The hydrogen atom.

How many covalent bonds
can it form?
 COVALENT BONDING

How many hydrogen

atoms are involved?
Can there be more?
Why or why not?
 COVALENT BONDING
Example: Formation of Covalent Bond

: :
H. + .Cl:

: :
H:Cl: @ H Cl

H has 1 valence electron

Cl has 7 velence electrons
H atom and Cl atom shared 1 electron and form a
covalent bond (single bond)
H become duplet (2 valence electrons)
Cl become octet (8 valence electrons)
 EXERCISE
Are these compounds ionic or covalent?
1. CH4 COVALENT
2. Fe2O3 IONIC

3. KNO3 IONIC
COVALENT
4. I2
COVALENT
5. O3
COVALENT
6. H2O
COVALENT
7. BeCl2
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Monoatomic ions:
from a single atom
example Na+, Cl, O2
Polyatomic ions
consist of 2 or more atoms
OH, MnO4, SO42

Cations
Metal atoms and hydrogen lose electrons to form
cations.
Example: Charge 1+

K + = metals group 1
= 1 valence electron
= oxidation no. is +1
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Name of Cations
element name + ion
Example:
Na+ =sodium ion
Ba2+ =barium ion

Most transition metals and other metals that can

form more than one charge:
For example:
iron (Fe), a transition metal, forms 2 different ions:
Fe2+ and Fe3+
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Element name (charge in Roman numerals) + ion

Example:
Sn2+=tin (II) ion
Sn4+=tin (IV) ion

Anions
Nonmetal atoms gain electrons to form anions
Example:
Charge 1-

Cl -
= 7 valence electrons,
need 1 more e to achieve
octet
= oxidation no. is -1
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Name of Anions
element stem name +ide + ion
Example:
O = oxygen O2 = oxide ion

POLYATOMIC IONS
Know the formulas and names of the following polyatomic ions:

NH4+ = ammonium ion CrO42 = chromate ion

CO32 = carbonate ion Hg22+ = mercury (I) ion
Cr2O72 = dichromate ion HCO3 = bicarbonate
SO42 = sulfate ion
 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
Lets write the formula for an ionic
compound made from calcium and Ca2+ Br-
bromine (Br)

Step 1: Determine the charges for each

ion.
Step 2: Determine the how many of each 1 2
ion is needed for charge neutrality.
Check: Is the sum of the positive
charges = the sum of negative
charges? CaBr2
Step 3: Reduce the subscripts to give the
smallest ratio of whole numbers.
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
indicate the number of cations and anions present using
symbols and subscripts

Compounds must be neutral

positive (+ve) charges = negative (-ve)
charges
K+ + Cl ___________
KCl
Mg2+ + O2 ___________
MgO

K+ + NO3 ___________
KNO3
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
For monatomic ions with different charges, use the crossover
method:
x1 2+ x2
Ba + Cl ___________
BaCl2
Al
x2 3+ + Ox3
2
___________
Al2O3

K
x3+ + Px1
3
___________
K3P
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAMING OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
Determine the individual ions in each compound, then
name the compound.
CATION NAME + ANION NAME minus ion
Name of compound
COMPOUND NAME OF IONS NAME OF COMPOUND
NaCl Sodium ion
Sodium chloride
Chloride ion
MgO Magnesium ion Magnesium
Oxide ion oxide
Potassium ion Potassium
KNO3 nitrate
Nitrate ion
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAMING OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Covalent molecular compound: consists of 2 types of
nonmetal atoms held together by covalent bonds
When naming, # of atoms of element indicated by Greek
prefix before element name.
1. For first element, Greek prefix + element name
2. For second element, Greek prefix + element name stem
+ "ide
No. of atom Greek prefix No. of atom Greek prefix
1 mono 6 hexa
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
5 penta 10 deca
 CHEMICAL FORMULA
Example:
CO = carbon monoxide
CO2 = carbon dioxide

PCl5 = phosphorus pentachloride

SF6 = sulphur hexafluoride

 CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAMING OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Some covalent molecular compounds have common
names.
Molecules with common names that you must know:

H2O = water

NH3 = ammonia

CH4 = methane

H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide

 EXERCISE
Name each ion then name the compound.

1. KCl =
Potassium chloride
2. PbO2 = Lead dioxide

3. NO2 = Nitrogen dioxide

4. HBr = Hydrogen bromide

5. NaOH = Sodium hydroxide

 MOLAR MASS
The mass of 1 mole of an element or 1 mole
of compound.
Unit : gmol-1

Steps to Calculate Molar Mass of Compounds

1) Count out the atoms in the compound

2) Look up the Molar Mass for each element
3) Multiply the Molar Mass of each element by the
number present in the compound
4) Sum the Molar Mass
 EXERCISE
2. Calculate the molar mass of the following
a) NO2
b) SO2
c) C6H12O6
d) (NH4)3PO4

(Relative atomic mass:

O,16.0; N,14.0; S,32.1; C,12.0; H,1.0; P,31.0)
 THANK YOU

SEE YOU NEXT

LECTURE..