Math 307

Spring, 2003
Hentzel

Time: 1:10-2:00 MWF

Room: 1324 Howe Hall
Instructor: Irvin Roy Hentzel
Office 432 Carver
Phone 515-294-8141
E-mail: hentzel@iastate.edu

http://www.math.iastate.edu/hentzel/class.307.ICN

Text: Linear Algebra With Applications,

Second Edition Otto Bretscher
Monday, Mar 3 Chapter 4.2 Page 164
Problems 6,14,16

Main Idea: Dejavu! We are doing everything all

over again.

Key Words: Kernel, Image, Linear

Transformation, rank, nullity

Goal: We want to expand the ideas of Matrices

into a broader context.
Previous Assignment

The Leontief Problem

The production of the plants R, S, and T for some period of

time is given below.

R S T Consumer Total
R 10 10 30 30 80
S 10 20 10 20 60
T 60 20 10 10 100

The Leontief input-output model for the open model is:

X = AX + D.
(1) What is the matrix A?
(2) Solve the equation X = AX+D for X
| 145 |
when D = | 290 |
| 145 |
 A
| 10/80 10/60 30/100 |
| 10/80 20/60 10/100 |
| 60/80 20/60 10/100 |
Check with original system:

A X + D = X
|10/80 10/60 30/100|| 80| |30| | 80|
|10/80 20/60 10/100|| 60| + |20| = | 60|
|60/80 20/60 10/100||100| |10| |100|
It checks.
Calculating X the new system where consumer
| 145 |
demands is | 290 |
| 145 |

AX+D=X

D = (I-A)X

(I-A) -1 D = X
 -1
|| 1 0 0 | |10/80 10/60 30/100| | |145| |616|
|| 0 1 0 | - |10/80 20/60 10/100| | |290| =|690|
|| 0 0 1 | |60/80 20/60 10/100| | |145| |930|
 -1
| 7 1 3 |
| - -(--) -(---) |
| 8 6 10 |
| |
| 1 2 1 | | 145 |
X= | -(-) -- -(---) | | 290 |
| 8 3 10 | | 145 |
| |
| 3 1 9 |
| -(-) -(--) --- |
| 4 3 10 |
 | 272 24 104 |
| ----- ---- ---- |
| 145 29 145 |
| |
| 18 54 12 | | 145 |
X= | ---- ---- ---- | | 290 |
| 29 29 29 | | 145 |
| |
| 52 40 54 |
| ---- ---- ---- |
| 29 29 29 |
 | 616 |
X = | 690 |
| 930 |
Previous Assignment

Page 157 Problem 4

Which of the subsets of P2 given in Exercises 1

through 5 are subspaces of P2? Find a basis
for those that are subspaces.

t=1
{ p(t) | INT p(t) dt = 0}
t=0
 t=1
It is closed under addition since if INT p(t) dt = 0
t=1 t=0
and INT q(t) dt = 0,
t=0
t=1 t=1 t=1
then INT(p(t) + q(t)) dt = INT p(t) dt + INT q(t) dt
t=0 t=0 t=0
=0+0=0
So p(t) + q(t) is also in the subspace.
It is closed under scalar multiplication since if c is
a number and

t=1 t=1 t=1

INT p(t) dt = 0, then INT c p(t) dt = c INT p(t) dt =
t=0 t=0 t=0
c 0 = 0 so

c p(t) is also in the subspace.

Now we want to find a basis of the subspace.

{1,x,x2} of P2. If p(x) = a + bx + cx2 is any

element of p2,

| | x=1
then p(x) is in the space if |ax+bx2 /2 +c x3/3|= 0
| | x=0

That is, if and only if a + b/2 + c/3 = 0

This is a linear system [ 1 1/2 1/3 | 0 ] in Row
Canonical Form.

|a| |-1/2| |-1/3|

|b| = u | 1 | + v | 0 |
|c| | 0| | 1|

So the basis is -1/2 + x, and -1/3 + x2.

Page 157 Problem 10

Which of the subsets of R3x3 given in Exercises 6

through 11 are subspaces of R3x3.
|1|
The 3x3 matrices A such that vector | 2 | is in the
kernel of A. |3|
The set is closed under addition since if AV = 0,
and BV = 0, then

(A+B)V = AV + BV = 0 so A+B is also in the set.

The set is closed under scalar multiplication since

if c is a number and AV = 0, then

(cA)V = c(AV) = c0 = 0 so cA is also in the subset.

A basis of the space is

|abc||1| |0|
|def|| 2|=|0|
|ghi|| 3| |0|

a+2b+3c=0
d+2e+3f=0
g+2h+3i=0
x1 x 2 x3 x4 x5 x 6
a b c d e f g h i RHS
|1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|
|0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0|
|0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 0|

|a| |-2| |-3| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0|

|b| | 1| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0|
|c| | 0| | 1| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0|
|d| | 0| | 0| |-2| |-3| | 0| | 0|
|e| = x1 | 0| + x2 | 0| + x3 | 1| +x4 | 0| +x5 | 0|+x6 | 0|
|f| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 1| | 0| | 0|
|g| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| |-2| |-3|
|h| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 1| | 0|
| i| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0| | 0|
| -2 1 0 | | 0 0 0| | 0 0 0|
| 000| | -2 1 0 | | 0 0 0|
| 000| | 0 0 0| | -2 1 0 |

| -3 0 1 | | 0 0 0| | 0 0 0|
| 000| | -3 0 1 | | 0 0 0|
| 000| | 0 0 0| | -3 0 1 |
Page 157 Problem 20
Find a basis for each of the spaces in Exercises
16 through 31 and determine its dimension.

The space of all matrices A = | a b | in R2x2

such that a+d = 0. |c d|
The basis written as 2x2 matrices is:

| 0 1 | | 0 0 | |-1 0 |
|0 0| |1 0| |0 1|

The dimension is 3.
New Material
A linear transformation T:V W requires

(1) V and W to be vector spaces.

(2) T(V1+V2) = T(V1)+T(V2).

(3) T(c V) = c T(V).

 _________ ____________
| V | | W |
| | | iiiii |
| kk | T |iiiiiiii |
| kkkk |------------>|0iiiiii |
| kkk | |iiii |
| | | ii |
|_________| |____________|
Points of interest.

(4) Ker(T) = { V | T(V) = 0}.

(5) Im(T) = {T(V) | V is in V}

(6) T is invertible is equivalent to

(a) T(V) = 0 ==> V = 0. Ker(T) = 0

(b) T(X) = W is solvable for every W. Im(T)=W

Main Theorem:
Dim(V) = Dim( IMAGE ) + Dim(KERNEL).

Pretty much that is what you would expect. The

quantity you started with is how much you have
left plus how much was lost.
We now discuss the kernel and the range for
various functions.
Example 1.

For differentiation, what is the kernel?

The kernel is the set of all functions which map to
zero.

That is, those functions whose derivative is 0.

Those are the constant functions like:

y = constant.
The range is the set of all functions which are
derivatives of something.

This includes all continuous functions.

Is differentiation invertible?
No because you cannot recover the constant.

Both y = x2 and y = x2+1 have the same

derivative.

Thus having been given only y = 2x, you cannot

determine the original function.

Thus differentiation does not have an inverse.

Example 2.

Is integration invertible?
Let INT f be the indefinite integral of f.

INT f+g = INT f + INT g

INT cf = c INT f

So integration satisfies the requirements to

be a linear transformation.
There is one small problem. INT is not a function
since as it stands, there is not one, but many
possible integrals.

We can patch up this problem by saying INT f is

the function F such that F' = f and F[0] = 0.
Notice that d/dx INT f = f so that INT has a left
inverse.

However INT does not have a right inverse since

INT d/dx f will only equal f(x) - f(0).

Since you do not get f(x) back exactly, integration

does not have an inverse.
We once remarked that if a matrix has a left
inverse, it also has a right inverse and the two
inverses are equal.
This theorem requires that the matrix be square
and the space be finite dimensional.

It is not true for non square matrices nor for

infinite dimensional spaces.
Example 3.
Consider the function R2x2 ----> R2x2 given by

|a b| | 1 2 | | a b |
|c d| |2 4||c d|

Is this function invertible?

We see if anything is mapped to zero.

That is, is there any matrix |a b|

|c d|

such that | 1 2 | | a b | = 0 ?
|2 4||c d|
Thus a+2c = 0 b+2d = 0 2a+4c = 0 2b+4d = 0

a b c d RHS a b c=u d=v RHS

|1 0 2 0 0| |1 0 2 0 0|
|0 1 0 2 0| |0 1 0 2 0|
|2 0 4 0 0| |0 0 0 0 0|
|0 2 0 4 0| |0 0 0 0 0|

|a| |-2 | |0|

| b | = u | 0 | + v |-2 |
|c| |1| |0|
|d| |0| |1|
The kernel contains |-2u -2v |
| u v|

So since some information is lost, the function is

not invertible.
Define T[X] = AX-XA for a fixed matrix A.

1. Show that T is a linear transformation.

2. Show that T is never invertible.

We have to first show that T[X+Y] = T[X]+T[Y].
T[X+Y] = A(X+Y) (X+ Y)A

= AX+AY XA YA

= AX XA + AY YA

= T[X] + T[Y].
T[cX] = A(cX) + (cX)A

= c(AX+XA)

= cT[X].
The kernel of T contains the identity matrix I so T
is not invertible.
What is the matrix for T if A = | 1 2 |
|34|
 |1 0| |0 1| |0 0| |0 0|
|0 0| |0 0| |1 0| |0 1|
|1 0| |1 2| - |1 0| = | 0 2| | 0 2 -3 0|
| 0 0| |0 0| |3 0| |-3 0| | |
| |
|0 1| |3 4| -| 0 1| = | 3 3| | 3 3 0 -3 |
|0 0| |0 0| | 0 3| | 0-3| | |
| |
|0 0 | |0 0| - | 2 0| =|-2 0| | -2 0 -3 2 |
|1 0 | |1 2| | 4 0| |-3 2| | |
| |
|0 0| |0 0| - | 0 2| =| 0 -2| | 0 -2 3 0 |
|0 1| |3 4| | 0 4| | 3 0| | |
The matrix for T is

| 0 3 -2 0|
| 2 3 0 -2|
|-3 0 -3 3|
| 0 -3 2 0|
What is the kernel of T?
|0 3 -2 0| |-3 0 -3 3| |1 0 1 -1|
|2 3 0 -2| | 0 3 -2 0| |0 3 -2 0|
|-3 0 -3 3| | 2 3 0 -2| |2 3 0 -2|
|0 -3 2 0| | 0 -3 2 0| |0 -3 2 0|

|1 0 1 -1| |1 0 1 -1| |1 0 1 -1 |
|0 3 -2 0| |0 3 -2 0| |0 1 -2/3 0 |
|0 3 -2 0| |0 0 0 0| | 0 0 0 0|
|0 -3 2 0| |0 0 0 0| | 0 0 0 0|
 x y z=a w=b
| 1 0 1 -1 |
| 0 1 -2/3 0 |
|0 0 0 0|
|0 0 0 0|
The kernel is
|x| | -1 | |1|
| y | = a |2/3| + b | 0 |
|z| | 1| |0|
|w| | 0| |1|
So the elements in the kernel are linear
combinations of

| -1 2/3 | and | 1 0 |
| 1 0 | |0 1|

I.E. linear combinations of A and I.

Example 4.
Suppose we have a linear transformation T
which reflects across a line. What is the matrix
of T with respect to the standard basis?
|1| |0|
|0| |1|
Case 1. /|\ /
| / y=x
| /
|/
-----------------------+-----------------------
/|
/ |
/ |
Case 2. \ /|\
\ | y = -x
\|
-----------------------+-----------------------
|\
| \