is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or

water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from

the source of heat, carrying energy with it.
is when a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then
travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy
along
Free or natural convection-is caused by buoyancy
forces due to density differences caused by temperature variations in
the fluid. At heating the density change in the boundary layer will
cause the fluid to rise and be replaced by cooler fluid that also will
heat and rise. This continues phenomena is called free or natural
convection.

Forced convection- when a fluid is forced to flow over the

surface by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps,
creating an artificially induced convection current.
The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection is:

Where:
is the heat transferred per unit time, A is the area of the object, h is the heat
transfer coefficient, Ta is the object's surface temperature and Tb is the fluid
temperature.
The heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient, or film effectiveness,
in thermodynamics and in mechanics is the proportionality constant between the
heat flux(rate of heat energy transfer through a given surface per unit time)and the
thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat.

Where:
q: amount of heat transferred (heat flux), W/m2 i.e., thermal power per unit area, q = d /dA
h: heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K)
T: difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area, K.
 Hydrodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of
fluids and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in
motion relative to them. It is simply the study of liquids in motion.
Equations of fluid dynamics-
 Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique used to
predict physical parameters that influence the flow in fluid
mechanics, heat transfer in thermodynamics, and so forth.
The analysis involves the fundamental units of dimensions
MLT: mass, length, and time.
Dimensional analysis is commonly used to determine the
relationships between several variables, i.e. to find the
force as a function of other variables when an exact
functional relationship is unknown.
 Rayleigh Method
Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis is a conceptual tool used in physics,
chemistry, and engineering. This form of dimensional analysis expresses a
functional relationship of some variables in the form of an exponential equation. It
was named after Lord Rayleigh.
An elementary method for finding a functional relationship with respect to a
parameter in interest is the Rayleigh Method, and will be illustrated with an
example, using the MLT system.
Quantity Symbol Dimension
Size l L
Viscosity M/LT
Density M/L3
Velocity V L/T
Gravity g L/T2
 The Buckingham Theorem/Method
It is a formalization of Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis.
Using the Buckingham Theorem, we will now examine the groups which appear most
frequently in fluid dynamics. Most fluid flow situations depend on the following quantities:

l length
D diameter
surface roughness
V velocity of flow
density of fluid
p pressure drop
g gravity
absolute/dynamic viscosity
surface tension
Compressibility/Bulk
K or Ev
Modulus
Characteristic length(hydraulic diameter)- is an important dimension
that defines the scale of a physical system. Often, such a length is used as an input
to a formula in order to predict some characteristics of the system.
Examples:
Reynolds Number

Biot Number

Nusselt Number

Equivalent Diameter - is the diameter of a circular duct or pipe that gives the
same pressure loss or resistance as an equivalent rectangular duct or pipe.
de = 1.30 (a b)0.625 / (a + b)0.25
Where:
de = equivalent diameter (mm, inches)
a = length of major or minor side (mm, inches)
b = length of minor or major side (mm, inches)