PNEUMONIA

DEFINITION
Pneumonia is an
inflammation of the
parenchyma (alveoli) of
the lung.
The alveoli are filled with
fluid or pus, making it
difficult to breath.
It is usually characterized
by consolidation, in which
the alveoli are filled with a
mixture of exudates,
bacteria and leukocytes.
 HOW PNEUMONIA
DEVELOPS?
Pneumonia can develop
when a person breathes
in small droplets that
contain pneumonia-
causing organisms.
It can also occur when
bacteria or viruses that
are normally present in
the mouth, nose and
throat, enter the lungs.
 TYPES OF
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is classified into two types:

1. ANOTOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION

2. CLINICAL
CLASSIFICATION
 1. ANOTOMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA: It affects the
lungs in patches around bronchi.

LOBAR PNEUMONIA: It is an infection

that only involves a single lobe or section
of a lung.

INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA: It
involves the areas in between the alveoli
 2. CLINICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Community Acquired-
Typical/Atypical/Aspiration
Pneumonia in Elderly
Nosocomial- HAP, VAP, HCAP
Pneumonia in
Immunocompromised host
 ETIOLOGY
BACTERIA: Legionella pneumophila,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, Streptococcus pyoogenes, Moraxella
catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and
Pneumocystis jiroveci.
VIRUSES: Influenza virus, Adenoviruses,
Rhinovirus etc.,
MYOPLASMAS: These are not classified as
they have the characteristics of both bacteria
and viruses.
FUNGI: Pneumocystis carini
PARASITES and various chemicals
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
Cigarette smoking
Dementia
Asthma
Malnutrition
Chronic illness
Advanced age
Alcoholism
Immunosuppression
 COMPLICATIONS
Lung abscess
Bacteria in blood
stream (bacteremia)
Build up of fluid in
the space between the
lung and chest wall
Difficulty in breathing
Shock and respiratory
failure
Septic arthritis
Endocarditis
 DIAGNOSIS
Chest X-rays
Blood tests
Sputum tests
Bonchoscopy
Pulse oximetry
TREATMENT
 PREVENTION
Breastfeeding your baby which boosts their
immune system
Stop smoking and intake of alcohol
Keeping your home warm and well-ventilated
Vaccination
Regular and thorough hand-washing
Avoiding contact where possible with people
who have colds, the flu or other infections
Take nutritious food
Regular exercise