Chapter 5

Handy Circuit
Analysis
Techniques

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 a linear circuit element has a linear voltage-
current relationship:
if i(t) produces v(t), then Ki(t) produces Kv(t)
if i1(t) produces v1(t) and i2(t) produces v2(t), then
i1(t) + i2(t) produces v1(t) + v2(t),
resistors, sources are linear elements1
a linear circuit is one with only linear elements
1Dependent sources need linear control equations to be linear elements.

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For the circuit shown, the solution can be expressed as:

0.7 0.2v1 ia Question: How much of

v1 is due to source A,
0.2 1.2 v 2 ib and how much is
because of source B?

We use the
superposition principle
to answer.

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If we define A as
0.7 0.2
A
0.2 1.2
then

v1 1 ia 1 0 1 ia
A A A Superposition:
v 2 ib ib 0 the response is the sum
of experiments A and B.
Experiment B Experiment A
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In a linear network, the voltage across or the current
through any element may be calculated by adding
algebraically all the individual voltages or currents
caused by the separate independent sources acting
alone, i.e. with
all other independent voltage sources replaced by
short circuits and
all other independent current sources replaced by
open circuits.

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 Leave one source ON and turn all other
sources OFF:
voltage sources: set v=0.
These become short circuits.
current sources: set i=0.
These become open circuits.
Find the response from this source.
Add the resulting responses
to find the total response.
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Use superposition to solve for the current ix

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First, turn the current source off:

3
ix 0.2
69

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Then, turn the voltage source off:
6
ix (2) 0.8
69

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Finally, combine the results:

ix ix ix 0.2 0.8 1.0

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Determine the maximum positive current to
which the source Ix can be set before any
resistor exceeds its power rating.

Solution on next slide

Answer: Ix<42.49 mA

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Maximum current magnitude in 100 resistor is 0.25 /100 50mA
Maximum current magnitude in 64 resistor is 0.25 / 64 62.5mA
Current from voltage source alone is 6/164 36.6mA flowing clockwise
64
Current in 100 from I x alone is I x flowing to the left.
164
64 64
Therefore 0.0366 I x 0.05 or 0.05 0.0366 I x 0.05
164 164
221.9mA I x 34.33mA
100
Current in 64 from I x is I x flowing downward.
164
100 100
Therefore 0.0366 I x 0.0625 or 0.0625 0.0366 I x 0.0625
164 164
0.1625 I x 0.04247
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 When applying superposition to circuits with
dependent sources, these dependent sources
are never turned off.

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 current source off

voltage source off

ix = ix+ix=2 + (0.6) = 1.4 A

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 Ideal voltage sources: a first approximation
model for a battery.
Why do real batteries have a current limit and
experience voltage drop as current increases?
Two car battery models:

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For the car battery example:
VL = 12 0.01 IL

This line
represents all
possible RL

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The source has an internal resistance or output
resistance, which is modeled as Rs

short circuit current (when RL=0)

open circuit voltage (when RL=)

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The source has an internal parallel resistance
which is modeled as Rp

short circuit current (when RL=0)

open circuit voltage (when RL=)

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The sources are equivalent if
Rs=Rp and vs=isRs

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 The circuits (a) and (b) are
equivalent at the terminals.
If given circuit (a), but
circuit (b) is more
convenient, switch them!
This process is called
source transformation.

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We can find the current I in the circuit below
using source transformation, as shown.

I = (45-3)/(5+4.7+3) = 3.307 mA

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Thvenins theorem: a linear network can be
replaced by its Thvenin equivalent circuit, as
shown below:

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 We can repeatedly
apply source
transformation on
network A to find its
Thvenin equivalent
circuit.
This method has
limitations- not all
circuits can be source
transformed.
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 Disconnect the load.
Find the open circuit voltage voc
Find the equivalent resistance Req of the
network with all independent sources turned
off.

Then:
VTH=voc and
RTH=Req
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Nortons theorem: a linear network can be
replaced by its Norton equivalent circuit, as
shown below:

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 Replace the load with a short circuit.
Find the short circuit current isc
Find the equivalent resistance Req of the
network with all independent sources turned
off.

Then:
IN=isc and RN=Req

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 The Thvenin and Norton equivalents are
source transformations of each other!

RTH=RN =Req and vTH=iNReq

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Find the Thvenin and Norton equivalents for
the network faced by the 1-k resistor.
Answer: next slide
the
load
resistor

this is the circuit we will simplify

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Thvenin Norton

Source
Transformation

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One method to find the Thvenin equivalent of
a circuit with a dependent source: find VTH and
IN and solve for RTH=VTH / IN
Example:

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Finding the ratio VTH / IN fails when both
quantities are zero!
Solution: apply a test source.

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 v test v test (1.5i)
1
2 3
i 1

Solve: vtest =0.6 V, and so RTH = 0.6

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What load resistor will allow the practical
source to deliver the maximum power to the
load?

Answer: RL=Rs

[Solve dpL/dRL=0.]

[Or: pL=i(vs-iRs), set dpL/di=0 to find imax=vs/2Rs. Hence RL=Rs]

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 The following resistors form a :

The following resistors form a Y:

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this is equivalent to the Y if this Y is equivalent to the if

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 How do we find the equivalent resistance of
the following network? Convert a to a Y

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 use the to Y
equations

use standard serial and parallel

combinations
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