Unit 8

Dreams and Reality

 Metaphors : The mind
In English, your mind is like a container, with
thoughts being stored or going in and out. You
can have a closed or open mind; you can
empty your mind or fill your mind with ideas.
Have a suspicion at the back of my mind
Have an idea fixed in your mind
Have an illusion in your mind
If I want to empty my mind
 Conditional Structure
We can use if, providing , as long as, unless and even if to
introduce conditional structures.
Providing (that) or as long as mean only if a certain thing
happens or is done.
Providing / As long as you work hard, you will be successful.
Even if is an emphatic way of saying if.
It is a good idea to try something, even if you dont succeed.
Unless means the same as if not.
Unless you ask him, he wont help you. (=If you dont ask him,
he wont help you.)
 Conditionals

Conditionals

Real
Unreal conditionals
conditionals

Zero First Second Third

conditional conditional conditional conditional
 Real conditionals
Zero conditionals First conditional
Use the zero conditional to Use the first conditional to
talk about things that talk about a possible future
always happen in certain events that depend on
conditions. other future events.
Example: Example:
If the temperature drops to If you buy one of these, we
zero degrees or below, will give you the second one
water freezes. for half price.
 Zero Conditional
If clause Main clause
If/When +Present simple I, you, etc+ present simple

Example: If you heat water, it boils.

First Conditional
If clause Main clause
If +Present simple I, you, etc+will/ can/ should /might(not)
+ present simple

Example: If you go to the Zoo, you will see the lions.

Unreal Conditional: Second conditional

We use the Second Conditional: We sometimes say If I were

1. To talk about imagined, instead of if I was. Both
impossible or unlikely events
in the future. verbs are correct. Were is
If I had enough money, I
especially common in the
would love to do something expression if I were
like that. (the sentence refers you.when giving
to the future) somebody advice.
If I didnt have to work, I would
go to the beach today. (but I
have to work so I wont go to
the beach)
 Second Conditional
If clause Main clause
If +past simple I, you, etc+ would/ could /might(not)
+ infinitive

If I had enough money, I would buy a new car.

Use the past tense in the if (clause) to refer to an unreal

situation in the present or future. Use would/could/might(not)
+ infinitive to talk about the consequence or result of the
unreal situation.
Unreal Conditional: Third Conditional

We use the Third If he hadnt invented this

Conditional to talk machine, our lives
about unreal situations would have been very
in the past and to different.
imagine things that did If you had arrived earlier,
not happen. you might have seen
him.
If I hadnt broken my leg, I
would have gone skiing.
 Unreal Conditional: Third Conditional

Third Conditional
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect I, you, would/ could /might(not) have
+ past participial

Use the past perfect in the if (clause) to talk about an unreal situation
in the past. If they had found the cure(they didnt find the cure.)
Use would/could/might(not) have + PP to talk about the consequence
or result of the unreal situation. If they had found the cure, many lives
would have been saved.(lives were not saved.) Many lives would have
been saved if they had found the cure earlier.
 Unreal Conditional: Mixed Conditional

We use a mixed conditional to talk about an

unreal situation in the past that has a
consequence or result in the present.
Mixed Conditional
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect I, you, would/ could /might(not) +
infinitive

If I had chosen another career, I might be happier now.

 Vocabulary: Imagination
I wonder..
I cant totally picture myself
to pretend
I suppose that
day dream
fantasise
 Vocabulary : real
for real
the real world
distort reality
bear no relation to reality
the real thing
in reality
 Verbs used with truth and lies
The truth Lies
face expose
learn make up
reveal
tell
stretch
Tell
cover up
hide
discover
uncover
speak
 Memoirs
A memoir is an account of someones
experiences written by that person, especially
the experiences of someone who has taken
part in important political or military events.
Look at the examples in page7.
 Wishes and Regrets
wishes regrets
To talk about wishes in the To talk about regrets in the past:
present we use: If only+ past perfect
Wish/ if only + past simple/past If only I hadnt said no.
continuous Should have+past perfect
I wish I had a better job.(I would like I should have divorced him.
a better job now) It is a pity + past simple
If only I were sitting on a beach now. It is a pity I never learnt to play a
To talk about wishes in the past, we musical instrument.
use: Regret + verb+ ing
Wish+ past perfect I regret not helping my parents when
they were older.
I wish I had got a proper education.
My biggest regret is that + clause in
the past tense
My biggest regret is that I didnt live
life to the full.
 Collocations: life experiences
pay the bills/penalty/ your way
live happily ever after/ a lie/ for the moment
follow the rules/ advice/ your dream
have an impact
mark time/ an occasion/ the start of
something new
find true love/job/your feet
quit university/smoking/job
Giving and reacting to surprising news

Giving surprising news Reacting to surprising news

I have some good / interesting Really?
news.
Believe it or not.. No way!
I am very pleased to be able to Wow!
tell you ..
I am speechless.
You wont believe this, but
Guess what! You will never That is wonderful news!
believe it. I dont know what to say.
This might sound strange, but.
This might come as rather a I dont believe it.
surprise, but.. Are you serious?
Have you heard about/ that?
 Reasons for Repetition
Repetitions of the same words to gain thinking
time(often with words like er or ub)
Repetition to correct a mistake
Repetition of the same idea, to explain or
expand on something.
Look at the examples in page99.
Writing a formal letter of complaint
1. Write your own address at the top of the letter on the right.
2. Write the name, title, and address of the recipient on the
left before Dear.
3. Write the date after the address
4. Start your letter with I am writing/ This letter is .
5. To finish the letter, write I look forward to hearing from you.
6. If you write Dear Mr Ali or Dear Ms Fatima, finish with yours
sincerely. If you write Dear Sir/ Madam, finish with yours
faithfully.
7. Write your full name below your signature.