Unit 6

Power and Money

 Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of using language to persuade or please
people. The main techniques you can use to make your
words more powerful are:
Contrast: This can take the form of contrast.
Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can
do for your country. 'Kennedy
Puzzles and questions: The speaker sets up a puzzle or
problem, then asks a question which he or she will answer.
These are our problems, what are our solutions?
List of three: It is by far the most popular techniques. It can
be a list of three different words, three identical words or
three phrases.
 Active and Passive Voice
Active voice Passive voice
Use the passive voice to focus on the
Use the active voice to action. The object of the active verb
becomes the subject of the passive
focus on the agent (the verb.
person or thing who does object passive verb
the action). This photo was taken in Germany.
Example: If we want to say who did the action
we can use by + agent.
agent active verb object
This photo was taken by my mother.
My mother took this photo in We us the passive when:
Germany. it isnt important who did the action
We dont know who did the action
The action is more important than the
person or thing that did it (the agent).
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Simple Present Tense

Active: S + V(s/es) + O

Passive: O + am/is/are + PP + by + S
EX: He reads books every day.
Books are read (by him) every day.
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE

The Present Continuous Tense

Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O

Passive: O + am/is/are + being +PP + by + S

EX: He is writing a novel at the moment.
A novel is being written (by him) at the
moment.
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE
VOICE
The Present Perfect Tense
Active: S + Has/Have + PP + O

Passive: O + has/have + been +PP + by + S

EX: He has just finished a novel.
A novel has just been finished (by
him).
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE
VOICE
The Simple Past Tense
Active: S + V2ed + O

Passive: O + was/were + PP + by + S
EX: He gave Tom a book.
A book was given to Tom (by him).
Tom was given a book (by him).
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE
VOICE
The Past Continuous Tense
Active: S + was/were + V-ing + O

Passive:O+ was/were + being + PP + by + S

EX: He was writing a letter at 8.00 yesterday.
A letter was being written (by him).
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE
VOICE
The Past Perfect Tense
Active: S + had + PP + O

Passive: O + had + been + PP + by + S

EX: He had finished his homework before
8.00 yesterday.
His homework had been finished (by
him) before 8.00 yesterday.
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE
VOICE
The Simple Future Tense
Active: S + will/shall + V + O

Passive: O + will/shall + be + PP + by + S
EX: He will finish the homework.
The homework will be finished.
 Passive Voice

Tense Example
Present simple Photos are taken for the newspaper.
Past simple Photos were taken for the newspaper.
Present perfect Photos have been taken for the newspaper.
Past perfect Photos had been taken for the newspaper.
Present continuous Photos are being taken for the newspaper.
Past continuous Photos were being taken for the newspaper.
future Photos will be taken for the newspaper.

Language note: the passive voice is more frequent in formal speech

and writing. In spoken English we can use get instead of be to form
the passive. A copy of his speech got leaked to the press beforehand.
 Causative have/get something done
We use have/get+noun+past participle to talk about
when somebody else does something for us or to us.
The action is something we want somebody else to do.
We are having our house painted.
I get my nails done once a month.
Get is more formal than have.
Compare:
Our house was painted. (=somebody painted our house.
We dont know why.)
We had our house painted. (=somebody painted our
house because we wanted them to paint it.)
Adverb Phrases
Naturally:
Of course
Needless to say
Obviously
Unexpectedly:
Oddly
Strangely
Very unexpectedly and
surprisingly
Miraculously
remarkably
 Quite
Quite can have different meanings
depending on what type of word it
is used with.
It means fairly when used in front
of gradable adjectives or adverbs.
Talking about money can be quite
embarrassing.
In American English, quite means
very. He is quite rich. (=He is very
rich.)
Depending on the context, it can
mean to some degree or it can
mean totally in front of verbs such
us like, enjoy, understand and
agree.
I quite like them. (=I like them to some
degree.)
I quite agree with you.(=I totally
agree with you.)
In front of ungradable
adjectives and adverbs it
means completely.
He is quite crazy when it comes
to money.
Quite can be used in front of
quantifiers such as a lot, a bit,
some to emphasize the
amount.
She has quite a bit of money, you
know.(=She has more than a
bit.)
 Metaphors: Money
took a huge chunk: took a lot of money
swallowed up: there was no much money left
wanted a slice of the pie: wanted a share of the
money
pouring money: spending lots and lots of money
a problem with cash flow: there is not a lot of
ready money (cash) available.
splashed out: spend a lot of money
pouring money down the drain: wasting money
 Collocations: Money
spare change: loose change
pay the bill= settle the bill
considerable fortune= small fortune
pocket money =spending money
dirt poor= desperately poor
filthy rich= extremely rich
 Asking for a favour: Can you do me a
favour?
Granting a favour Refusing a favour
Since you put it that way. Sorry , I am afraid I cant.
Go on then. I am really sorry, but..
Sure, no problem.
Well, perhaps in that case
Yes, of course.
Yes, I can do that.

Can you do me a favour? Is the most direct. The longer the structure of the
question, the more indirect and (usually) more polite and formal it is.
 Giving reasons and describing
consequences
as
as a result
since
so
consequently
 Writing Assignments
Argue in favour or against the following
statement:
`Everyone in the world should have the right to
freedom of expression.
Write a review of a book you have read. Your
review should answer the questions in page
53. Try to use the expressions on the same
page.