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Austin Troy
How does interpolation work
In ArcGIS, to interpolate:
Create or add a point shapefile with some attribute
that will be used as a Z value
Click Spatial Analyst>>Interpolate to Raster and
then choose the method
Three methods in Arc GIS
IDW
SPLINE
Kriging
Inverse Distance Weighting
IDW weights the value of each point by its distance to
the cell being analyzed and averages the values.
IDW assumes that unknown value is influenced more by
nearby than far away points, but we can control how rapid
that decay is. Influence diminishes with distance.
IDW has no method of testing for the quality of
predictions, so validity testing requires taking additional
observations.
IDW is sensitive to sampling, with circular patterns often
around solitary data points
Inverse Distance Weighting
IDW: assumes value of an attribute z at any unsampled
point is a distance-weighted average of sampled points
lying within a defined neighborhood around that
unsampled point. Essentially it is a weighted moving avg
^ n
z ( x0 ) i z ( xi )
n
i 1
1
Where i are given by some weighting fn and i 1
i
-p
Common form of weighting function is d yielding:
n
^ i ij
z ( x ) d p
z ( x0 ) i 1
n
ij
d p
i 1
IDW-How it works
Z value at location ij is f of Z value
at known point xy times the inverse
distance raised to a power P.
Z value field: numeric attribute to be
interpolated
Power: determines relationship of
weighting and distance; where p= 0,
no decrease in influence with
distance; as p increases distant points
becoming less influential in
interpolating Z value at a given pixel
IDW-How it works
There are two IDW method options Variable and fixed radius:
{z( x ) z( x h)}
i i
2
( h) i 1
2n
Based on the scatter of points, the computer (Geostatistical analyst)
fits a curve through those points
The inverse is the covariance matrix which
shows correlation over space
Steps
Variogram cloud; can use bins to make
box plot
Empirical variogram: choose bins and lags
Model variogram: fit function through
empirical variogram
Functional forms?
Variogram
Plots semi-variance against
distance between points
Is binned to simplify
Can be binned based on
just distance (top) or
distance and direction
(bottom) Binning based on distance only
Where autocorrelation
exists, the semivariance
should have slope
Look at variogram to find
where slope levels