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q
E
4 0 r 2
+ q1 q2 - F qE
Maxwells Theory (Cont.)
2. Magnetic field lines F do not begin or end,
but rather consist of entirely closed loops.
F
B
A sin
q
B
qv sin
Maxwells Theory (Cont.)
3. A changing magnetic field DB induces an emf
and therefore an electric field E (Faradays Law).
Solenoid Current I B
l I B
induces x
B B field x
x
x
R 0 NI x
B x
Inductance L Lenzs law
Production of an Electric Wave
Consider two metal rods connected to an ac
source with sinusoidal current and voltage.
+ E Wave
-
Vertical transverse sinusoidal E-waves.
An Alternating Magnetic Field
The ac sinusoidal current also generates a
magnetic wave alternating in and out of paper.
Inward B Outward B -
+
I I
r
X
In Out
r r
X
B B +
-
A Magnetic Wave Generation
The generation of a magnetic wave
due to an oscillating ac current.
B B - Wave
-
+
Horizontal transverse sinusoidal B-waves.
An Electromagnetic Wave
An electromagnetic wave consists of combination
of a transverse electric field and a transverse
magnetic field perpendicular to each other.
-
EM wave propagation in space
Transmitting and Receiving
An ac current generates an EM wave which then
generates an ac signal at receiving antenna.
A B-field Moves Past a Charge
Relativity tells us that there is no preferred frame of
reference. Consider that a magnetic field B moves at
the speed of light c past a stationary charge q:
Energy density u U U
A d u
for an E-field: Vol. Ad
0 A
Recall C and V Ed :
d Energy
U 1
AdE
density u:
2
u 2 0
1 2 1 0 A
U 2 CV 2 ( Ed ) 2 uAd 1
2 0 E 2
Ad
d
Energy Density for a B-field
Earlier we defined the energy density u for a B-field
using the example of a solenoid of inductance L:
0 N 2 A
l L ; U LI ; V A
1
2
2
A 0 NI NI B
R
B
0
U 0 N I 2 2 2
Energy density B
u for B-field:
u
A 2 2
20
Energy Density for EM Wave
uavg 0 E
1
2
2
m or uavg 0 E2
rms
Example 1: The maximum amplitude of an
E-field from sunlight is 1010 V/m. What is
the root-mean-square value of the B-field?
Em 1010 V/m
Bm 3.37 T EM
c 8
3 x 10 m/s wave
Bm 3.37 T
Brms ; Brms 2.38 T
2 1.414 Earth
I avg 12 c 0 Em2
I avg 12 c 0 Em2 c 0 Erms
2
I avg c 0 E
1
2
2
m
I avg (3 x 10 m/s)(8.85 x 10
1
2
8 -12 Nm2
C2
)(0.018 V/m) 2
F I F 2I
A c A c
Example 4: The average intensity of direct
sunlight is around 1400 W/m2. What is the
average force on a fully absorbing surface of
area 2.00 m2?
Absorbed wave: For absorbing F I
Radiation Force
surface: A c
Pressure Area
IA
A F
c
2 2
(1400 W/m )(2.00 m )
F F = 9.33 x 10-6 N
3 x 108 m/s
The Radiometer
A radiometer is a device which demonstrates
the existence of radiation pressure:
2
B
Total Energy Density: u 0 E
1 2
2
20
Em Bm
Erms and Brms
2 2
Summary (Cont.)
The average energy density:
uavg 0 E
1
2
2
m or uavg 0 E 2
rms
I avg c 0 E c 0 E
1
2
2
m
2
rms