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Lekha Pankaj
Associate Professor in ECE
AWHEC ,Calicut
Module I (15hours)
SOFTWARE
PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay
HARDWARE (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6
main()
{
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadeci
mal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
What is an Embedded system
An embedded system is one that has computer
hardware with software embedded in it as one of
its most important component.
May be independent system or part of a larger
system.
It has a hardware
It has main application software
It has a real time operating system (RTOS) which
defines the way the system works.
Embedded System contd.
Unique in the sense that the hardware and the
firmware is highly specialized to the application
domain.
It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.
It had ROM, RAM and clock circuitry on the chip along with the
processing unit.
History.
In 1977, Intel emerged in this field with the 8048,
a microcontroller which had RAM and ROM and
which became widely used in PC keyboards.
First generation:
Medium Scale ES
IV. Trigger
Event Triggered
Time triggered
Real Time Embedded Systems
A RT Embedded system is designed to meet strict
deadlines
A system is said to be real-time if the total
correctness of an operation depends not only
upon its logical correctness, but also upon the
time in which it is performed
2 Essential units:
Control Unit (CU) fetch unit for fetching instructions from the
memory
Execution Unit (EU) - circuits that implement the instructions
pertaining to data transfer operations and data conversion
The ALU unit
Circuits for halt, interrupt or jump instructions
Types of Embedded Processors
1. General Purpose processor (GPP) instruction set not
specific to application
Microprocessor
Embedded Processor
2. Application Specific Instruction set Processor (ASIP)
instruction set specific to the application
Microcontroller
Embedded Microcontroller
DSP and media processor
Network processor ,IO processor or domain specific programmable
processor
3. Single purpose processors as additional Processors
Co-processors (graphical processing floating point processing encrypting
,DCT and inverse cosine transformation etc)
Accelerators
Controllers ( for peripherals DMAs and buses)
Types of Embedded Processors
Instruction set
Maximum bits in an operand (8/16/32) in a single
arithmetic or logic operation
Clock frequency in MHz and processing speed in
million instructions per second (MIPS)
Dhrystone - metric for measuring processing
performance
Processor ability to solve complex algorithms while
meeting deadlines for their processing
Why (when) to use a GPP
The GPP instruction set results in quick system development
Once the board and IO interfaces are designed for the GPP,
they can be used by a new system by changing the embedded
software in ROM
Ready availability of compiler facilitates embedded software
development in high level languages
Ready availability of well tested and debugged processor
specific APIs (Application Program Interfaces) and codes
previously designed for other applications results in new
systems developed quickly.
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a VLSI chip
Followed by:
The 80186 & 80286 (16 bit processor), the 80386 & 80486 (a 32 bit processor),
leading to the Pentium range of microprocessors (64 bit processors) available
today. The 80x86 and Pentium processors have all been designed for use in
personal computer type applications and have large memory maps.
VARIOUS MICROPROCESSORS
Intel Zilog
4004, 4040
8080, 8085 Z80, Z180, eZ80
8086, 8088, Z8, eZ8
80186, 80188
80286, 80386 and others
x86-64
Motorola
6800
6809
68000
G3, G4, G5
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Bit handling instruction is less, One or two Many type of bit handling instruction
type only
Rapid movements of code and data Rapid movements of code and data
between external memory & MP within MC
It is used for designing general purpose They are used for designing application
digital computers system specific dedicated systems
Single Purpose Processors
Co-Processors
FP calculations
Graphical Processor
All calculations regarding images as in gaming,displays from
graphic memory buffers
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
DSP processors are used in applications regarding signal processing
such as image processing, audio, video & telecommunication
processing systems.
03.01.2009 62
ASICs Application Specific
Integrated Circuits
The Application Specific Integrated Circuit is a unique type of IC that is designed with a
certain purpose in mind
An ASIC can no longer be altered after it gets out of the production line. That is why the
designers need to be totally sure of their design, especially when making large quantities of
the same ASIC.
ASICs have a great advantage in terms of recurring costs as very little material is wasted
due to the fixed number of transistors in the design.
Although the recurring cost of an ASIC is quite low, its non-recurring cost is relatively high
and often reaching into the millions
FPGAs
An FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is also a type of IC, but it does not have the
programming built into it during the production. As the name implies, the IC can be
programmed by the user as long as he has the right tools and proper knowledge.
The programmable nature of an FPGA allows the manufacturers to correct mistakes and to
even send out patches or updates after the product has been bought
With an FPGA, a certain number of transistor elements are always wasted as these packages are
standard. This means that the cost of an FPGA is often higher than that of a comparable ASIC.
As you go lower in production numbers, using FPGA actually becomes cheaper than using
ASICs.
Processor technology
Processors vary in their customization for the problem at hand
total = 0
for i = 1 to N loop
total += M[i]
end loop
Desired
functionality
ROM image
Final Stage software
After processing the application software,the final result
is placed in the memory (ROM)for all the tasks that have
to be executed
Just as an image is a unique sequence and arrangement of
pixels, ROM image is also a unique placement and
arrangement of bytes for instructions and data
SOFTWARE EMBEDDED INTO A SYSTEM
Final machine software (ROM image)