Directional Relay

A B C
F1 F2

A B

~
Selectivity, security, co-ordination
 Applications
Application in distribution and transmission
systems
With overcurrent relay
High speed transmission protection
To supervise distance elements
Form quadrilateral ground distance characteristics
Determine fault direction
Used for earth fault protection when selectivity is
required
Fault current regions for directional comparison

IY

Vp
Ipre

Vp polarizing voltage
Ipre prefault current
Ix, Iy fault currents Ix
 It has two units One overcurrent unit
and one directional unit, called
polarizing unit. Polarizing unit
actuated by voltage input
Directional-overcurrent relay connection

C CT

B CT

A CT

1 D 2
OC
VT

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C Breaker Trip

Coil
Popular 90 connected
phase directional element

Phase Operating Polarizing

quantity (Iop) quantity (Vpol)

A IA VBC

B IB VCA

C IC VAB
 cont

TA VBC . I A .cos(VBC I A )
TB VCA . I B .cos(VCA I B )
TC VAB . I C .cos(VAB I C )

Torque sign is positive forward fault condition

Torque sign is negative reverse fault condition

Limitations- for unbalanced fault

 Improved directional relay

Sequence L-L Fault L-L-G Fault

quantity
V1 Yes Yes
V2 Yes Yes
V0 No Yes
I1 Yes Yes
I2 Yes Yes
I0 No Yes
Both positive and negative sequence components are present for
unbalanced fault
Improved directional relay

positive sequence directional relay

Operating Polarizing
quantity quantity

3I1(1 ZL1) 3V1

Problem-close-in three phase fault
 The voltage waveforms
during close-in fault at 0.3s
5
x 10 100
1.5

1
50

0.5

Voltage Voltage 0
(volt) 0 (volt)

-0.5
-50
-1

-1.5 -100
0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36
Time (sec)
Time (sec)

Voltage waveform of the line during close-in CCVT secondary waveform during
fault close-in fault

i
 The current waveforms
during close-in fault at 0.3s
80
60

60
40

40
20

Current(A)
20 0
Current(A)

0 -20

-20 -40

-40 -60

-60 -80
0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
CT secondary waveform during close-in fault at F1 CT secondary waveform during close-in fault at F2
 Notes on close-in fault
In this application it is not possible to use a voltage memory method to decide
the direction because there is no zero-sequence voltage before the fault has
occurred.

Therefore ground directional relay has a sensitive directional measuring and will
give a correct operation if the input voltage is more than 0-5 V.

In systems with low zero-sequence voltage values, the directional measuring

properties of a directional relay may be influenced by harmonics in the voltage.

The relay is provided with a filter for suppression of third harmonics.