HEAT

AND
TEMPERATURE
HEAT
 PHYSICS IN ACTION
1. Put some hot
water, warm water,
and cold water in
three open
containers.
 PHYSICS IN ACTION
2. Dip a finger in the
hot water and a
finger of the other
hand in the cold
water.
PHYSICS IN ACTION
 PHYSICS IN ACTION

3. After a few
seconds, place
them both in the
warm water.
 PHYSICS IN ACTION
QUESTIONS:

1. How does each finger feel?

2.Can you explain what
happened?
3.What realization about our
senses can you conclude?
WHAT
IS
HEAT?
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PLATO (2000BC) HEAT IS
PRODUCED BY IMPACT AND FRICTION
BACON, F.(17TH C) HEAT IS
MOTION AND NOTHING ELSE.
HUYGENS, C. FLAME AND FIRE
CONTAIN PARTICLES IN RAPID
MOTION FOR THEY MELT MOST
SOLID SUBSTANCES.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
LOCKE , J. HEAT IS A VERY
BRISK AGITATION OF THE
INSENSIBLE PARTS OF THE
OBJECT.
LEIBNITZ (18TH C) WHEN
ELASTIC BODIES COLLIDE, THE
ENERGY IS NOT LOST BUT
DISSIPATED AMONG THE
MINUTE PARTS OF THE BODY.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
HOOKE , R. (18TH C) HEAT IS
NOTING ELSE OTHER THAN A BRISK
AND VEHEMENT AGITATION OF THE
PARS OF A BODY.
BOYLE, R. THE HEATING OF A NAIL
WHEN STRUCK BY A HAMMER THE
HAMMER IMPRESSES A VEHEMENT
AGITATION ON THE SMALL PARTS
OF THE IRON.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
BERNOULLI, D.- EXPLAINED HEAT AS
THE PRESSURE OF A GAS IN TERMS OF
THE IMPACTS OF FLYING MOLECULES ON
THE WALLS OF THE CONTAINER.
LAVOISIER, A. and LAPLACE GAVE THE
MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT AS
EACH MOVING PARTICLE IN A
SUBSTANCE HAD K.E., HEAT IS THE SUM
TOTAL OF THE K.E. OF ALL PARTICLES IN
THE SUBSTANCE.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
DR. CLEGHORN (1779) HEAT IS AN
ELASTIC FLUID CALLED CALORIC,
WHICH COULD PASS FROM ONE
SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER.
BENJAMIN THOMSON (COUNT RUMFORD)
EXPLAINED THAT HEAT COME
FROM THE WORK DONE ON
OBJECTS KNOWN AS THE
MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
DURING THE 19TH CENTURY, HEAT
WAS BELIEVED TO BE A FLUID
WHICH WAS DESCRIBED TO BE
INVISIBLE AND WEIGHTLESS. THE
FLUID WAS CALLED CALORIC. THIS
CALORIC WAS TRANSFERRED WHEN
SUBSTANCES WERE BURNED THUS
PRODUCING WARMTH. LOSS OF IT
RESULTED IN COOLING.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
COUNT RUMFORD AND JAMES
PRESCOTT JOULE PROVED THAT
HEAT IS NOT IN THE FORM OF
A SUBSTANCE. THEY SHOWED
THAT EXPERIMENTS OF
MECHANICAL ENERGY PRODUCES
HEAT, THUS CONCLUDING THAT
HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY.
WHAT
IS
HEAT?
 HEAT CAN BE EXPLAINED USING THE
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF
MATTER. ACCORDING TO KMT:

MATTER IS COMPOSED OF VERY

TINY PARTICLES CALLED
MOLECULES.
MOLECULES ARE IN CONSTANT
MOTION.
MOLECULES OBEY NEWTONS
LAWS OF MOTION.
IN THE FIGURE:
IN SOLIDS,
HOW DO Y0U MOLECULES
THINK ARE
AREMOLECULES
THE HELD TOGETHER BY
OF LIQUIDS
ELASTIC
AND GASESFORCES.
COMPARE WITH
THOSE OF SOLIDS?
 THE KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY ALSO STATES THAT:
THE ENERGY THAT MOLECULES
POSSESS IS CALLED KINETIC
ENERGY.
THE FASTER THE MOLECULES ARE
MADE TO MOVE, THE MORE K.E.
THEY HAVE.
THE SLOWER THE MOLECULES
MOVE, THE LESSER THE K.E. THEY
HAVE, THE COOLER THE MATERIAL
BECOME.
 THERMAL ENERGY
REPRESENTSTHE TOTAL
INTERNAL ENERGY OF AN
OBJECT: THE SUM OF ITS
MOLECULAR POTENTIAL AND
KINETIC ENERGIES.
THERMAL ENERGY IS
DEFINED AS THE
POTENTIAL AND
KINETIC ENERGY OF
THE PARTICLES OF A
BODY WHICH CAN BE
EVOLVED AS HEAT
 HEAT IS DEFINED AS
SO
THERMAL ENERGY WHICH
IS BEING TAKEN UP BY A
WHAT
BODY, GIVEN UP BY A
BODY, OR BEING
IS
TRANSFERRED FROM ONE
BODY TO ANOTHER.
HEAT ?
What happens
when you
accidentally
touch a hot
stove?
Touching a Hot Stove?
Energy enters your
hand from the
stove because the
stove is warmer
than your hand.
ENERGY TRANSFER
HEAT MOVES
FROM THE
STOVE TO
THE HAND.
How about
when you
touch ice ?
TOUCHING ICE
Energy passes
from your hand
into the colder
ice.
 TOUCHING ICE

HEAT
MOVES
FROM THE
HAND TO
THE ICE.
 HEAT IS ALSO
DEFINED AS A
FORM OF ENERGY
DUE TO THE
MOTION OF
MOLECULES.
 HEAT AND
TEMPERATURE

HOW IS HEAT
DIFFERENT FROM
TEMPERATURE?
 A B C
100C 10C 100C
100 g 100 g 20 g
water water water

1.Which liquid is the warmest? Why?

2.Which is the coldest? Why?
3.Which has the most amount of heat? Why?
4.Which has the least amount of heat? Why?
 HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
HEAT IS: TEMPERATURE IS
THEENERGY THE
THAT MOVES QUANTITY
FROM ONE THAT TELLS
HOW HOT OR
BODY TO COLD
ANOTHER DUE SOMETHING
TO IS COMPARED
TEMPERATURE TO A
DIFFEENCE. STANDARD.
 HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
HEAT IS: TEMPERATURE IS
THE TOTAL THEAVERAGE
TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC
KINETIC ENERGY OF
THE
ENERGY OF MOLECULES
THE OF AN
MOLECULES OBJECT.
OF AN
OBJECT.
 HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
HEAT IS: TEMPERATURE IS
THE ENERGY IN THE INDICATION
TRANSIT FROM A OF THE AMOUNT
BODY OF HIGHER OF THERMAL
TEMPERATURE TO ENERGY PRESENT
ONE OF LOWER IN AN OBJECT.
TEMPERATURE IN
THERMAL
CONTACT.
 HEAT VS TEMPERATURE

HEAT IS: TEMPERATURE

IS:
MEASURED MEASURED IN
IN CALORIE DEGREE
(c) OR CELSIUS (C),
FAHRENHEIT
BRITISH (F), OR
HERMAL KELVIN (K)
(THE SI UNIT)
UNIT (BTU).
 How do we
measure
temperature?
 THERMOMETRIC SCALES
CELSIUS SCALE (developed by Anders
Celsius) - assigned 0 to the ice point and
the number 100 to the steam point.
FAHRENHEIT SCALE (by Gabriel
Daniel Fahrenheit) chose 0, the
freezing point of salt water and the
upper fixed point at 96, the
temperature of the human body.
 THERMOMETRIC SCALES
Relating the Fahrenheit to the
universally accepted fixed points of the
Celsius scale, 0 and 100 corresponds to
32 and 212F.
100 Celsius degrees = 180 Fahrenfiet
degrees.
100C = 180F or 5C = 9F
CONVERTING C to F or F toC
Fahrenheit to Celsius scale
5
TC = ( TF - 32)
9
Celsius toFahrenheit scale
9
TF = TC + 32
5
 Converting to Absolute
Temperature Scales
The Kelvin Scale (Lord Kelvin)
TK = TC + 273
The Rankine Scale
TR = TF + 460
 What is absolute zero?

The temperature at which the volume of a

gas theoretically becomes zero. (KE = 0)

Volume B
A

Temperature (C)

-273C -200C -100C 0C 100C 200C 300C

Ice point Steam point
 Illustrative example 1
The melting point of lead is 330C.
What is the corresponding
temperature on the Fahrenheit
scale?

9 9
TF = TC + 32 = (330) + 32
5 5
TF = 594 + 32 = 626 F
 Illustrative example 2
Body temperature is normal at 98.6
F. What is the corresponding
temperature on the Celsius scale?

5 5
TC = (TF 32) = (98.6 - 32)
9 9
5
TC = (66.6) = 37C
9
 Illustrative example 3
What is the corresponding
temperature of the normal body
temperature on the absolute scales?

TR = TF + 460 = 98.6 + 460

= 558.6 R
TK = TC + 273 = 37 + 273
= 310K
 Complete the following sentences.

In this lesson, I understand

that ______.
I am confused about ______.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
NATURAL SOURCES:
1.THE SUN. The main source of
heat either directly through
the conversion of its radiant
energy which is traceable to
the thermonuclear fusion
reaction or indirectly through
stored up energy in fuels.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
NATURAL SOURCES:
2. THE EARTHS INTERIOR.
Another source of heat as
evidenced by molten
materials and hot geysers
and hot springs.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
NATURAL SOURCES:
3. RADIOACTIVITY.
Spontaneous radioactive
decay of natural radioactive
materials produce heat
energy when they emit
photons and other particles.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES:
1. ELECTRICAL ENERGY. Heat
energy can be produced from
electrical energy by the
resistance of electric
conductors to the flow of
electric current.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES:
2. MECHANICAL ENERGY. Heat
energy can be aproduct
productofof
mechanical energy of
friction, compression, or
percussion.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES:
3. CHEMICAL ENERGY. Heat
energy can be produced by
chemical reactions and by
action of fuels such as
coal, oil, gas, and wood
with oxygen.
 SOURCES OF HEAT
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES:
4. NUCLEAR ENERGY. Nuclear
or atomic energy can be
transformed into
tremendous amount of heat
energy.
 EFFECTS OF HEAT ON
MATTER
1.EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

WHEN A MATERIAL IS
HEATED, IT EXPANDS.
 A. EXANSION OF SOLIDS
Solids expand when heated and
contract when cooled. They
increase in length as well as in
width and in thickness. They
expand in all direction.
HEAT
 B. EXPANSION IN LIQUIDS
IN LIQUIDS, THE MOLECULES ARE
ARRANGED FARTHER APART THAN IN
SOLIDS. THEY CAN MOVE ABOUT
FASTER, HENCE THEY EXPAND AND
CONTRACT MORE THAN SOLIDS.
WATER IS AN EXEPTION TO THIS
PRINCIPLE OF LIQUID EXPANSION. IT
EXPANDS WHEN HEATED. IT
CONTRACTS WHEN COOLED BUT ONLY
UP TO 4C. WHEN COOLED FURTHER TO
0C, IT EXPANDS SLIGHTLY.
ICE IS AN EXPANDED FORM,
AND IS THEREFORE LIGHTER
THAN WATER VOLUME PER
VOLUME.
THIS EXPLAINS
WHY A TIGHTLY
COVERED BOTTLE
FILLED WITH
WATER BREAKS AS
SOON AS IT
FREEZES INTO
ICE.
 C. EXPANSION OF GASES
AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE CAN
CAUSE AN INCREASE IN KINETIC
ENERGY OF THE GAS MOLECULES. SINCE
THE MOLECULES ARE VERY FAR APART
FROM ONE ANOTHER, GASES EXPAND
AND CONTRACT THE MOST.
WHILE THE RATE OF EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION DIFFER BETWEEN SOLIDS
AS WELL AS LIQUIDS, THE RATE IS THE
SAME FOR ALL GASES.
 EXPANSION OF GAS

T
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EFFECTS OF HEAT ON
MATTER
2. PHASE CHANGE
WHEN HEAT IS
ABSORBED OR
RELEASED MATERIALS
CHANGE PHASE.
 MELTING
IF HEAT IS ADDED
TO A SOLID, THE
SOLID BECOMES A
LIQUID.
 FREEZING
IF HEAT ENERGY IS
RELEASED FROM A
LIQUID,, THE
LIQUID BECOMES A
SOLID.
WHEN A LIQUID
GAINS HEAT
ENERGY, THE
LIQUID BECOMES A
GAS OR VAPOR.
EVAPORATION
WHEN THE KINETIC ENERGY OF A
LIQUID RISES, THE MOLECULES
MOVES FASTER CAUSING THEM
TO BUNP ONE ANOTHER. The
MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE OF
THE LIQUID ARE BUNPED OFF THE
LIQUID AS VAPOR OR GAS.

EVAPORATION
 THERMOMETRY
HEAT REFERS TO THERMAL
ENERGY BEING TRANSFERRED
OR TAKEN UP BY A BODY,
TEMPERATURE ON THE OTHER
HAND, IS THE AMOUNT OF
THERMAL ENERGY THAT A
BODY HAS TAKEN UP.
 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
WHEN A BODY ABSORBS THERMAL
ENERGY, ITS TEMPERATURE
RISES.
IF IT RELEASES THERMAL
ENERGY, ITS TEMPERATURE
GOES DOWN. The temperature of a
body indicates its ability to give up to,
or absorb heat from, other bodies.
HEAT TRANSFER