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Decision Risk
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Decision Risk
True Situation
Lot meets Lot does not
Decision requirements meet requirements
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Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling by Attributes
Single Sampling
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Single Sampling
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Type A OC Function for Single Sampling Plan
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Type A OC Function for Single Sampling Plan
Probability Distribution of X
X ~ H(N, D, n)
D N D
x n x for x 0,1,..., min n, D
h x N
n
0 , otherwise
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Type A OC Function for Single Sampling Plan
OC Function
OCD PA D
P X c | D
D N D
c
x n x
x 0 N
n
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Example Single Sampling Plan A
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Example Solution Single Sampling Plan
OCD PA D
PX 2 | D
D 50 D
2
x 5 x
x 0 50
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D PA(D)=OC(D) OC(D) 1.0
0 1.00
0.8
5 1.00
10 0.95
0.6
15 0.85
20 0.69 0.4
25 0.50
30 0.31 0.2
35 0.15
0.0
40 0.05
0 10 20 30 40 50
45
50
0.00
0.00
D
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Concept
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Type B OC Function for Single Sampling Plan
Probability Distribution of X
X ~ B(n, p)
n x
b x p 1 - p n -x
for x 0,1,..., n
x
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Acceptance Sampling
Px PX x
n x n x
p q
x
p x 1 p
n! n x
x! n x !
for x = 0, 1, . . ., n
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OC Function
OCp PA p
PX c | p
c
bx
x 0
c
n x
p 1 - p
n -x
x 0 x
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Example Single Sampling Plan B
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Example Solution Single Sampling Plan
OCp PA D
PX 2 | p
2
98 x
2
bx p 1 - p
98- x
x 0 x 0 x
OC(p)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
p 17
Example
PA 0.02 Pd 2
2
89!
0.02d 0.9889d
d 0 d!89 d !
89!
0.02 0.98
0 89 89!
0.021 0.9888
0!89 ! 1!88!
89!
0.02 0.98
2 87
2!87 !
0.7366
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Example
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Example
Fraction Probability of
Defective, p Acceptance, Pa (p)
0.005 0.9897
0.010 0.9397
0.020 0.7366
0.030 0.4985
0.040 0.3042
0.050 0.1721
0.060 0.0919
0.070 0.0468
0.080 0.0230
0.090 0.0109 20
If N = 500, n =98 & c=2,
PA D OCD PX 2 | D
D 500 D
2
x 98 x
d 0 500
98
For comparison, select p=0.02. Then
10 490
D N p 5000.02 10, and
2
x 98 x
PA 10 OCD PX 2 | 10
d 0 500
98
0.2753 0.3049 0.1976
0.7778
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Example
Probability of acceptance, Pa
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 -p
0 10 20 30 40 -D
Lot fraction defective, p
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Single Sample Test Plan Design
Probability Distribution of X
a = producers risk
b = consumers risk
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Test Procedure
To test
H0: p = p0
vs H1: p = p1
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Single Sampling Plan
x
number reject
of defective
c
items
.
. accept
.
2
1
0
0 n
n = sample size
x = number of defective items
c = maximum number of defective items for
acceptance 25
Operating Characteristic (OC) Function
OC p PA p
P X c | p
c
n x
p 1 p
n x
x 0 x
Note that:
OCp1
and OCp0 1
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OC Curve
OC p PA p
1
1-a
0 p0 p1 1
p
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Test Plan Design
c
n x
p0 1 po 1 a
n x
x 0 x
and
c
n x
p1 1 p1 b
n x
x 0 x
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Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling by Attributes
Double Sampling
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Double Sampling
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Single Sampling Plan
x
number Reject Reject
of defective
items
c2
.
.
.
Continue Accept
c1+1
c1
.
.
. Accept
2
1
0
0 1 2 ...
n1 ...
n1+n2
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Double Sampling - Advantages
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Double Sampling - Disadvantages
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Double Sampling
Accept Reject
d1 + d2 c2 = 3 d1 + d2 > c2 = 3
the the
lot lot
If Pa p denotes the probability of acceptance on the
combined samples, and PaI and PaII denote the
probability of acceptance on the first and second
samples, respectively, then
Pa p P p P p
a
I
a
II
d1 0 d1!50 d1 !
a
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Example
d1 0 d1!50 d1 !
a
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Example
50! 48
1
0.05 0.95
2 100!
0.05d2 0.95100d 2
2!48! d 2 0 d 2!100 d 2 !
= (0.261)(0.037)
= 0.009
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Example
50!
0.05 0.95
3 47 100!
0.05 0.95
0 100
3!47! 0!100!
= (0.220)(0.0059)
= 0.001
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Example
0.009 0.001
0.010
The probability of acceptance of a lot that has fraction
defective p = 0.05 is therefore
0.6
Probability, P
Probability of
Probability of rejection on first
acceptance on sample
0.4 first sample
0.2
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Lot fraction defective, p
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Rectifying Inspection Programs
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Rectifying Inspection Programs (continued)
Rejected Fraction
lots defective
0
Fraction
defective
Accepted p0
lots
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Rectifying Inspection Programs (continued)
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Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)
Pa pN n
AOQ
N
0.93970.0110,000 89
10,000
0.0093
0.0175
0.0150
0.0125
AOQ
0.0100
AOQ
0.0075
0.0050
0.0025
0.0000
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
fraction defective, p 51
Average Total Inspection (ATI)
ATI n 1 Pa N - n ,
ATI n 1 Pa N - n
89 1 - 0.9397 10,000 89
687
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Determination of optimum quality level, p*
cost to total
achieve p cost
cost of
inspection
per lot
cost
0 p* 1
incoming quality level ~p
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