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Chapter Fifteen
Capital Structure: Basic
Concepts
Corporate Finance
Ross Westerfield Jaffe
15
Sixth Edition
Prepared by
Gady Jacoby
University of Manitoba
and
Sebouh Aintablian
American University of
Beirut
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-1
Chapter Outline
Levered
Recession Expected Expansion
EBIT $1,000 $2,000 $3,000
Interest 640 640 640
Net income $360 $1,360 $2,360
EPS $1.50 $5.67 $9.83
ROA 5% 10% 15%
ROE 3% 11% 20%
10.00 Debt
8.00 No Debt
point to debt
4.00
2.00
0.00
1,000 2,000 3,000
(2.00) Disadvantage
to debt EBIT
EBI in dollars, no taxes
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-9
Homogeneous Expectations
Homogeneous Business Risk Classes
Perpetual Cash Flows
Perfect Capital Markets:
Perfect competition
Firms and investors can borrow/lend at the same rate
Equal access to all relevant information
No transaction costs
No taxes
VL VU
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-14
B B B
rB rS r0 r0 rS r0 (r0 rB )
S S S
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-15 The Cost of Equity, the Cost of Debt, and the
Weighted Average Cost of Capital: MM
Proposition II with No Corporate Taxes
Cost of capital: r (%)
B
rS r0 (r0 rB )
SL
B S
r0 rW ACC rB rS
BS BS
rB rB
Debt-to-equity Ratio B
S
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-16
15.5 Taxes
The MM Propositions I & II (with Corporate Taxes)
Proposition I (with Corporate Taxes)
Firm value increases with leverage
VL = VU + TC B
Proposition II (with Corporate Taxes)
Some of the increase in equity risk and return is offset by
interest tax shield
rS = r0 + (B/S)(1-TC)(r0 - rB)
rB is the interest rate (cost of debt)
rS is the return on equity (cost of equity)
r0 is the return on unlevered equity (cost of capital)
B is the value of debt
S is the value of levered equity
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-17
B
rS r0 (1 TC ) (r0 rB )
SL
r0
B SL
rW ACC rB (1 TC ) rS
BSL B SL
rB
Debt-to-equity
ratio (B/S)
Levered
Recession Expected Expansion
EBIT $1,000 $2,000 $3,000
Interest ($800 @ 8% ) 640 640 640
EBT $360 $1,360 $2,360
Taxes (Tc = 35%) $126 $476 $826
Total Cash Flow $234+640 $468+$640 $1,534+$640
(to both S/H & B/H): $874 $1,524 $2,174
EBIT(1-Tc)+TCrBB $650+$224 $1,300+$224 $1,950+$224
$874 $1,524 $2,174
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-21
Total Cash Flow to Investors Under
Each Capital Structure with Corp. Taxes
S G S G
The levered firm pays less in taxes than does the all-
equity firm.
Thus, the sum of the debt plus the equity of the levered
firm is greater than the equity of the unlevered firm.
McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2003 McGrawHill Ryerson Limited
15-22
Summary: No Taxes
In a world of no taxes, the value of the firm is unaffected by
capital structure.
This is M&M Proposition I:
VL = VU
Prop I holds because shareholders can achieve any pattern of
payouts they desire with homemade leverage.
B
rS r0 (r0 rB )
SL
Summary: Taxes
In a world of taxes, but no bankruptcy costs, the value of the
firm increases with leverage.
This is M&M Proposition I:
VL = VU + TC B
Prop I holds because shareholders can achieve any pattern of
payouts they desire with homemade leverage.
B
rS r0 (1 TC ) (r0 rB )
SL