Group 17

Halogens
HALOGENS
HALOGENS

WORD IS:

Solid
HALOGENS

WORD IS:

Liquid
HALOGENS

WORD IS:

Gas
 HALOGENS
Swedish chemist Baron Jns Jakob
Berzelius (1842)
to produce salt
Due to the four elements (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine)
that produce a sea-salt-like
substance when they form a
compound with a metal.
 Fluorine- named after its source
(fluorospar)
Chlorine- Greek word chloros
meaning greenish-yellow
Bromine- Greek word bromos
meaning stench
Iodine- Greek word iodes
meaning violet
Astatine- Greek word astatos
meaning unstable
 HISTORY (Fluorine)
1869
- George Gore, an English chemist,
discovered fluorine by applying
current on hydrofluoric acid.
- Henri Moissan, a French chemist,
performed electrolysis on KHF2
dissolved in waterless HF and had
successfully produced fluorine
 HISTORY (Chlorine)
1774
- Elemental chlorine was isolated by
Carl Wilhelm Scheele by heating HCl
with MnO2 .
-"dephlogisticated muriatic acid
1807
-Humphry Davy discovered that
chlorine was an actual element.
 HISTORY (Bromine)

1820
- Antoine-Jrme Balard disovered
bromine by passing chlorine gas
through a sample of brine.
- He proposed muride for the name
of the element but the French
Academy changed it to bromine.
 HISTORY (Iodine)
1811
- Bernard Courto discovered iodine
by accidentally using H2SO4 in
generating KCl
1815
- Joseph Gay-Lussac proved that
iodine is an element.
 HISTORY (Astatine)
1940
- Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie,
and Emilio G. Segr, who
bombarded bismuth with alpha
particles finally named Element 85
as Astatine
 HALOGENS
Non-metal group with
characteristic properties.
Have 7 valence electron
Only group known to contain
elements in three of the four states
of matter at standard
temperature and pressure.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Halogens all have strong and
often nasty smell.
Halogens also have low melting
and boiling points.
Elements in this group are toxic
and are poor conductors of heat
and electricity.
Halogens are extremely reactive
but are widely distributed.
 Related Studies
Focuses on the photochemistry of
bromine and its contribution in
the depletion of the ozone layer.
Activation of other halogen (F &
Cl) which is coupled to bromine
chemistry.
The main consequence of halogen
activation is chemical destruction
of ozone
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Halogens have seven valence
electrons
Because halogens have one electron
missing, they form negative ions and
are highly reactive
They can gain an electron by
reacting with atoms of other
elements
Most halogens form diatomic
molecules. (F2, Cl2,Br2,I2)
 The hydrogen-halogen reactions get
gradually less reactive towards the
heavier halogens.
When halogens react with metals,
they form metal halides (salts).
Size increases down the group
resulting to a greater London
interactions
The electronegativity, electron
affinity and ionization energy of
halogens decreases down the group.
 FLUORINE
Most reactive element and the
strongest oxidizing agent of all
elements
A yellow corrosive gas that reacts
directly and vigorously
Reaction with glass, ceramics,
metal alloys, inert gases
Capable of stabilizing high ionic
charge due to its high
electronegativity
 Due to its high reactivity no
element can displace Fluorine.
Always reduced in Redox
reactions.
Prepared via electrolysis
2 2 + 2 ()
 CHLORINE
Most abundant of the halogens.
Prepared by electrolysis of brine
and salt rocks.
2 2 + 2 ()
Reacts explosively with hydrogen
to produce HCl-
Muriatic acid, aqueous solution of
HCl, is used for treatment of steel.
 BROMINE
A dense fuming red-brown liquid
at room temperature that
evaporates readily to formed a
similarly-colored gas
Can also be obtained from
seawater
Used as a fumigant and in the
synthesis of fire-retardants,
photochemical, dyes and
pharmaceuticals( sedatives)
 IODINE
A dark gray solid with metallic
luster.
Its vapor and solutions with non-
polar solvent is violet
Ions are present in sea water
which are concentrated by marine
animals and seaweeds
Ions are converted to iodine by
oxidation with chlorine.
 Iodine
Slightly soluble in water and forms
a brown solution with polar
solvents such as water.
Forms a colorless triiodide complex
when iodide ion is present which
enhances its solubility.
2 + 1 3
Presence of triiodide complex can
be determined using starch.
 ASTATINE
Rarest naturally-occurring element.
Occurs as the decay product of
carious heavier elements.
All its isotopes are short-lived; the
most stable is astatine-210, with a
half-life of 8.1 hours.
The bulk properties of astatine are
not known with any certainty since
it immediately vaporizes by its
radioactive heating. .
 INTERHALOGENS
Halogens form compounds with
two or more different halogens
The effect of the size of the central
atom and ions can readily be seen
Neutral interhalogens can be
prepared by direct reaction of the
and reaction of halogens with
metal halides or other
halogenating agents.
 Interhalogens also serve as
intermediates in the synthesis of
other interhalogens:
 Several interhalogens undergo
autoionization in the liquid phase
and have been studied as non-
aqueous solvents
 PSEUDOHALOGENS
Dimeric molecules showing considerable
similarity to the halogens
Examples are halogens and cyanogen,
NCCN.
The monoanionic, CN-, is well known; it
combines with hydrogen to form the weak
acid HCN.
It reacts with Ag+ and Pb2+, to form
precipitates of low solubility in water.
Interhalogen compounds such as FCN,
ClCN, BrCN, and ICN are known.
Cyanogen, like the halogens, can add
across double or triple carboncarbon
bonds.
 OXYACIDS
The well-known oxygen-halogen
are the halogen oxyacids.

The Lewis formula for these acids:

 The strength of an oxyacids
depends strongly on the number
of oxygen atoms without
hydrogen atoms that are
attached to the central atom.
Group 18
Noble Gases
NOBLE GASES
 NOBLE GASES
rarely combine with other
elements and are found
only as uncombined
elements in nature.
 Helium - Greek word helios which
means the Sun
Neon - Greek word neos which means
new
Argon - Greek word argos which
means idle or inactive
Krypton - Greek word kryptos
meaning hidden.
Xenon- Greek word 'xenos' meaning
stranger
Radon- from radium, as it was first
detected as an emission from radium
during radioactive decay
 HISTORY
Discovery in 1766 by Cavendish
Nonreactive, leftover fraction of air
(after N2, O2, CO2 all reacted)
Not separated from each other
 History
Helium is discovered in 1868 by Locklear
and Frankland
New emission line observed during a solar
eclipse
Second most abundant in Universe ( H = 76%,
He = 23%)
Ar discovered in 1890 by Rayleigh and
Ramsay
N2 density discrepancies must be accounted
for by a contaminant
Ne, Kr, Xe discovered 1890s by Ramsay and
Travers
Neon Lights due to emission from gases
when electricity passes through
Hyperpolarized 129Xe used as MRI contrast
agent in lungs
 History
Rn isolated from nuclear decay
products in 1902
Product of Uranium decay in
minerals
Enters homes through basements
and floors
Radioactive and causes lung cancer
(gas is inhaled)
 NOBLE GASES
Noble gases were once believed to
be totally unreactive
Their chemistry was simple: they
had none!
Only xenon and krypton are
known to enter into chemical
compounds only with the two
most electronegative element F
and O.
 Properties
All noble gases have full outer
electron shells and do not need to
gain, lose or share electrons.
They are very stable and the mostly
unreactive (or inert) of all the
elements.
Most do not normally form bonds
with other elements
They are monatomic, which means
they exist as individual atoms.
helium
2

neon
2,8

argon
2,8,8
 All noble gases are colourless,
odourless and unreactive. This
makes them difficult to isolate and
identify.
Because noble gases are so
unreactive, there are few patterns,
or trends, among the group.
The density of the noble gases
increases down the group.
The boiling point of the noble gases
increases down the group.
 The principal source of noble
gases, except for helium, is the
atmosphere due to the low mass.
Noble gases are believed to beby-
products of the decay of
radioactive elements in the earths
crust.
 Helium:
The gas for inflating balloons and
airships, because it is less dense than
air and inflammable
A component of breathing gas (with
oxygen) for deep-sea divers,
because it is unreactive, insoluble
and prevents divers getting the
bends
It is also used in gas-cooled nuclear
reactors
 It is used to produce and sustain
powerful superconducting magnets
which form an essential part of
modern NMR spectrometers and
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
systems for clinical diagnosis.
It is used as a diluent for oxygen in
modern diving apparatus because
of its very low solubility in blood.
 Neon:
used in discharge tubes and
fluorescent bulbs for
advertisement display purposes.
Neon bulbs are used in
botanical gardens and in green
houses.
As a cryogenic refrigerant
(when liquid).
 Argon:
used mainly to provide an inert
atmosphere in high temperature
metallurgical processes (arc welding
of metals or alloys) and for filling
electric bulbs.
used in the laboratory for handling
substances that are air-sensitive.
 Krypton:
In lasers for eye surgery, to stop
bleeding on the retina.
In lighthouses and other types of
lamps.
Xenon:
In various types of electron tubes,
lamps and lasers.
Radon:
To treat cancer by radiotherapy,
because it is radioactive.